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<title>Formulas for IPhO 日本語版: Section 11 | Toshiki's Note</title>
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Navigation </span><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><div class="group" data-v-9b5436d7><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible has-active" data-v-9b5436d7 data-v-c543663c><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-c543663c><div class="indicator" data-v-c543663c></div><h2 class="text" data-v-c543663c>IPhO Formulas: JP Ver.</h2><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-c543663c><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="caret-icon" data-v-c543663c><path d="M9,19c-0.3,0-0.5-0.1-0.7-0.3c-0.4-0.4-0.4-1,0-1.4l5.3-5.3L8.3,6.7c-0.4-0.4-0.4-1,0-1.4s1-0.4,1.4,0l6,6c0.4,0.4,0.4,1,0,1.4l-6,6C9.5,18.9,9.3,19,9,19z"></path></svg></div></div><div class="items" data-v-c543663c><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-c543663c data-v-c543663c><div class="item" data-v-c543663c><div class="indicator" data-v-c543663c></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/1" data-v-c543663c><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-c543663c>1: 数学</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-c543663c data-v-c543663c><div class="item" data-v-c543663c><div class="indicator" data-v-c543663c></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/2" data-v-c543663c><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-c543663c>2: 一般的な推奨事</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-c543663c data-v-c543663c><div class="item" data-v-c543663c><div class="indicator" data-v-c543663c></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/3" data-v-c543663c><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-c543663c>3: 運動学</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-c543663c data-v-c543663c><div class="item" data-v-c543663c><div class="indicator" data-v-c543663c></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/4" data-v-c543663c><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-c543663c>4: 力学</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-c543663c data-v-c543663c><div class="item" data-v-c543663c><div class="indicator" data-v-c543663c></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/5" data-v-c543663c><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-c543663c>5: 振動と波</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-c543663c data-v-c543663c><div class="item" data-v-c543663c><div class="indicator" data-v-c543663c></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/6" data-v-c543663c><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-c543663c>6: 幾何光学，測光</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-c543663c data-v-c543663c><div class="item" data-v-c543663c><div class="indicator" data-v-c543663c></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/7" data-v-c543663c><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-c543663c>7: 波動光学</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-c543663c data-v-c543663c><div class="item" data-v-c543663c><div class="indicator" data-v-c543663c></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/8" data-v-c543663c><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-c543663c>8: 電気回路</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-c543663c data-v-c543663c><div class="item" data-v-c543663c><div class="indicator" data-v-c543663c></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/9" data-v-c543663c><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-c543663c>9: 電磁気学</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-c543663c data-v-c543663c><div class="item" data-v-c543663c><div class="indicator" data-v-c543663c></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/10" data-v-c543663c><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-c543663c>10: 熱力</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-c543663c data-v-c543663c><div class="item" data-v-c543663c><div class="indicator" data-v-c543663c></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/11" data-v-c543663c><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-c543663c>11: 量子力学</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-c543663c data-v-c543663c><div class="item" data-v-c543663c><div class="indicator" data-v-c543663c></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/12" data-v-c543663c><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-c543663c>12: Keplerの法則</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-c543663c data-v-c543663c><div class="item" data-v-c543663c><div class="indicator" data-v-c543663c></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/13" data-v-c543663c><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-c543663c>13: 相対性理論</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--></nav></aside><div class="VPContent has-sidebar" id="VPContent" data-v-bb676018 data-v-7787f055><div class="VPDoc has-sidebar has-aside" data-v-7787f055 data-v-eb54b406><!--[--><!--]--><div class="container" data-v-eb54b406><div class="aside" data-v-eb54b406><div class="aside-curtain" data-v-eb54b406></div><div class="aside-container" data-v-eb54b406><div class="aside-content" data-v-eb54b406><div class="VPDocAside" data-v-eb54b406 data-v-d3dab3d7><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--><div class="VPDocAsideOutline" role="navigation" data-v-d3dab3d7 data-v-98b3e62f><div class="content" data-v-98b3e62f><div class="outline-marker" data-v-98b3e62f></div><div class="outline-title" role="heading" aria-level="2" data-v-98b3e62f>TOC</div><nav aria-labelledby="doc-outline-aria-label" data-v-98b3e62f><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-outline-aria-label" data-v-98b3e62f> Table of Contents for current page </span><ul class="root" data-v-98b3e62f data-v-1772882b><!--[--><!--]--></ul></nav></div></div><!--[--><!--]--><div class="spacer" data-v-d3dab3d7></div><!--[--><!--]--><!----><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><div class="VPDocAsideSponsors"><div class="VPSponsors vp-sponsor aside"><!--[--><section class="vp-sponsor-section"><!----><div class="VPSponsorsGrid vp-sponsor-grid medium"><!--[--><div class="vp-sponsor-grid-item"><a class="vp-sponsor-grid-link" target="_blank" rel="sponsored noopener"><article class="vp-sponsor-grid-box"><h4 class="visually-hidden"></h4><img class="vp-sponsor-grid-image" src="https://jsd.toshiki.dev/gh/andatoshiki/toshiki-notebook@master/assets/logo/sponsor/telegram.png"></article></a></div><!--]--></div></section><!--]--></div></div><!--]--><!--]--><!--]--><!--]--></div></div></div></div><div class="content" data-v-eb54b406><div class="content-container" data-v-eb54b406><!--[--><!--]--><!----><main class="main" data-v-eb54b406><div style="position:relative;" class="vp-doc _academic_physics_ipho-formulas-jpn_11" data-v-eb54b406><div><h1 id="formulas-for-ipho-日本語版-section-11" tabindex="-1">Formulas for IPhO 日本語版: Section 11 <a class="header-anchor" href="#formulas-for-ipho-日本語版-section-11" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Formulas for IPhO 日本語版: Section 11&quot;">​</a></h1><div><section class="border-b-1 border-[var(--vp-c-divider)] w-full border-b-solid mt-[24px] pb-[12px] flex gap-[12px] mb-[12px] flex-wrap max-w-[85%]"><div class="flex gap-[4px] items-center"><svg style="display:inline-block;" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="1.2em" height="1.2em"><path fill="currentColor" d="M8 16A8 8 0 1 1 8 0a8 8 0 0 1 0 16Zm.847-8.145a2.502 2.502 0 1 0-1.694 0C5.471 8.261 4 9.775 4 11c0 .395.145.995 1 .995h6c.855 0 1-.6 1-.995c0-1.224-1.47-2.74-3.153-3.145Z"></path></svg> Author:<span>Anda Toshiki</span></div><!----><div class="flex gap-[4px] items-center"><svg style="display:inline-block;" viewBox="0 0 15 15" width="1.2em" height="1.2em"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M1.903 7.297c0 3.044 2.207 5.118 4.686 5.547a.521.521 0 1 1-.178 1.027C3.5 13.367.861 10.913.861 7.297c0-1.537.699-2.745 1.515-3.663c.585-.658 1.254-1.193 1.792-1.602H2.532a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1h3a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v3a.5.5 0 0 1-1 0V2.686l-.001.002c-.572.43-1.27.957-1.875 1.638c-.715.804-1.253 1.776-1.253 2.97Zm11.108.406c0-3.012-2.16-5.073-4.607-5.533a.521.521 0 1 1 .192-1.024c2.874.54 5.457 2.98 5.457 6.557c0 1.537-.699 2.744-1.515 3.663c-.585.658-1.254 1.193-1.792 1.602h1.636a.5.5 0 1 1 0 1h-3a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5v-3a.5.5 0 1 1 1 0v1.845h.002c.571-.432 1.27-.958 1.874-1.64c.715-.803 1.253-1.775 1.253-2.97Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg> Updated:<span>2 minutes ago</span></div><div class="flex gap-[4px] items-center"><svg style="display:inline-block;" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="1.2em" height="1.2em"><path fill="currentColor" d="M9.293 0H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v12a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h8a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V4.707A1 1 0 0 0 13.707 4L10 .293A1 1 0 0 0 9.293 0zM9.5 3.5v-2l3 3h-2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1zM5.485 6.879l1.036 4.144l.997-3.655a.5.5 0 0 1 .964 0l.997 3.655l1.036-4.144a.5.5 0 0 1 .97.242l-1.5 6a.5.5 0 0 1-.967.01L8 9.402l-1.018 3.73a.5.5 0 0 1-.967-.01l-1.5-6a.5.5 0 1 1 .97-.242z"></path></svg> Words:<span>314</span></div><div class="flex gap-[4px] items-center"><svg style="display:inline-block;" viewBox="0 0 20 20" width="1.2em" height="1.2em"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 0a10 10 0 1 0 10 10A10 10 0 0 0 10 0zm2.5 14.5L9 11V4h2v6l3 3z"></path></svg> Reading:<span>1 min</span></div></section></div><h2 id="_11-量子力学" tabindex="-1">11: 量子力学 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-量子力学" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;11: 量子力学&quot;">​</a></h2><h3 id="_11-1-p-hk" tabindex="-1">11.1:p=hk <a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-1-p-hk" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;11.1:p=hk&quot;">​</a></h3><ol><li><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">p</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">ℏ</mi><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">k</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">∣</mi><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">∣</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>h</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>λ</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>E</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">ℏ</mi><mi>ω</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>h</mi><mi>ν</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\boldsymbol{p}=\hbar \boldsymbol{k}(|\boldsymbol{p}|=h / \lambda), E=\hbar \omega=h \nu</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6389em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord boldsymbol">p</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">ℏ</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord boldsymbol" style="margin-right:0.01852em;">k</span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord">∣</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord boldsymbol">p</span></span></span><span class="mord">∣</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">λ</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">E</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6889em;"></span><span class="mord">ℏ</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">ω</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.06366em;">ν</span></span></span></span>.</li></ol><h3 id="_11-2-干渉" tabindex="-1">11.2: 干渉 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-2-干渉" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;11.2: 干渉&quot;">​</a></h3><ol start="2"><li>干渉 : 波動光学のように.</li></ol><h3 id="_11-3-不確定性" tabindex="-1">11.3: 不確定性 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-3-不確定性" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;11.3: 不確定性&quot;">​</a></h3><ol start="3"><li><p>不確定性（数学の定理）:</p><p class="katex-block"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>≥</mo><mfrac><mi mathvariant="normal">ℏ</mi><mn>2</mn></mfrac><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>E</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>≥</mo><mfrac><mi mathvariant="normal">ℏ</mi><mn>2</mn></mfrac><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>ω</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>≥</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mn>2</mn></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Delta p \Delta x \geq \frac{\hbar}{2}, \Delta E \Delta t \geq \frac{\hbar}{2}, \Delta \omega \Delta t \geq \frac{1}{2} </annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8778em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">≥</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.0519em;vertical-align:-0.686em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3659em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">2</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">ℏ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">E</span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">≥</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.0519em;vertical-align:-0.686em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3659em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">2</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">ℏ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">ω</span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">≥</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.0074em;vertical-align:-0.686em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3214em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">2</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p>滑らかでない場合の定性的な推定には <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span></span></span></span> の方が適する <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>≈</mo><mi>h</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(\Delta p \Delta x \approx h</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">≈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span></span></span></span> など <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span>.</p></li></ol><h3 id="_11-4-スペクトル" tabindex="-1">11.4: スペクトル <a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-4-スペクトル" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;11.4: スペクトル&quot;">​</a></h3><ol start="4"><li>スペクトル : <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>ν</mi><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>m</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h \nu=E_n-E_m</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.06366em;">ν</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0576em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0576em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. スペクトル線の幅は寿 命に関係し, <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi><mi>τ</mi><mo>≈</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">ℏ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Gamma \tau \approx \hbar</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord">Γ</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.1132em;">τ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">≈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6889em;"></span><span class="mord">ℏ</span></span></span></span>.</li></ol><h3 id="_11-5-振動子" tabindex="-1">11.5: 振動子 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-5-振動子" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;11.5: 振動子&quot;">​</a></h3><ol start="5"><li>振動子（例えば分子）のエネルギー準位（固有振動数 <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>ν</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><mo>:</mo><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mn>2</mn></mfrac><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><mi>h</mi><msub><mi>ν</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\left.\nu_0\right): E_n=\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right) h \nu_0</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.06366em;">ν</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3011em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0637em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em;">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0576em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.2em;vertical-align:-0.35em;"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em;"><span class="delimsizing size1">(</span></span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8451em;"><span style="top:-2.655em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.394em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em;"><span class="delimsizing size1">)</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.06366em;">ν</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3011em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0637em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. 多数の固有振動数の場合, <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>E</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>∑</mo><mi>h</mi><msub><mi>n</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><msub><mi>ν</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">E=\sum h n_i \nu_i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">E</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mop op-symbol small-op" style="position:relative;top:0em;">∑</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3117em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.06366em;">ν</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3117em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0637em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>.</li></ol><h3 id="_11-6-トンネル効果" tabindex="-1">11.6: トンネル効果 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-6-トンネル効果" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;11.6: トンネル効果&quot;">​</a></h3><ol start="6"><li>トンネル効果: 幅 <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>l</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">l</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span></span></span></span> の障壁 <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Gamma</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord">Γ</span></span></span></span> は, <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi><mi>τ</mi><mo>≈</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">ℏ</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>τ</mi><mo>=</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Gamma \tau \approx \hbar(\tau=</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord">Γ</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.1132em;">τ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">≈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">ℏ</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.1132em;">τ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span></span></span></span> <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>l</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><msqrt><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></msqrt><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">l / \sqrt{\Gamma / m})</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.24em;vertical-align:-0.305em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord sqrt"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.935em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3.2em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.2em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:1em;"><span class="mord">Γ/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.895em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.2em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:1.02em;height:1.28em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="400em" height="1.28em" viewBox="0 0 400000 1296" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin slice"><path d="M263,681c0.7,0,18,39.7,52,119
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M1001 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.305em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span> であれば容易に透過する.</li></ol><h3 id="_11-7-bohr-モデル" tabindex="-1">11.7: Bohr モデル <a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-7-bohr-モデル" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;11.7: Bohr モデル&quot;">​</a></h3><ol start="7"><li>Bohr モデル : <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mo>∝</mo><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><msup><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">E_n \propto-1 / n^2</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0576em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∝</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0641em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord">1/</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. (古典的に計算される) 円軌道では, 軌道の長さが波長 <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>λ</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>h</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>v</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\lambda=h / m v</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">λ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span></span></span></span> の整数倍.</li></ol><h3 id="_11-8-compton-効果" tabindex="-1">11.8: Compton 効果 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-8-compton-効果" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;11.8: Compton 効果&quot;">​</a></h3><ol start="8"><li>Compton 効果: 光子が電子から散乱されると, 光子の <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>λ</mi><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>λ</mi><mi>C</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><mi>cos</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mi>θ</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Delta \lambda=\lambda_C(1-\cos \theta)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6944em;"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord mathnormal">λ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">λ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3283em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.07153em;">C</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mop">cos</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">θ</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></li></ol><h3 id="_11-9-光電効果" tabindex="-1">11.9: 光電効果 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-9-光電効果" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;11.9: 光電効果&quot;">​</a></h3><ol start="9"><li>光電効果: <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>W</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>m</mi><msubsup><mi>v</mi><mi>max</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mn>2</mn><mo>=</mo><mi>h</mi><mi>ν</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">W+m v_{\max }^2 / 2=h \nu</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7667em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">W</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0641em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141em;"><span style="top:-2.453em;margin-left:-0.0359em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mop mtight"><span class="mtight">m</span><span class="mtight">a</span><span class="mtight">x</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">/2</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.06366em;">ν</span></span></span></span> ( <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>W</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">W</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">W</span></span></span></span> は仕事関数 <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span>. <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>I</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>V</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">I-V</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7667em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em;">I</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.22222em;">V</span></span></span></span> グラフ：光電流は阻止電圧 <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>V</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>−</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>h</mi><mi>ν</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>W</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">V=-(h \nu-W) / e</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.22222em;">V</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.06366em;">ν</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">W</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span></span></span></span> で始まり, 正方向に電圧が大きくなると緩和する.</li></ol><h3 id="_11-10-stefan-boltzmann-の法則" tabindex="-1">11.10: Stefan-Boltzmann の法則 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-10-stefan-boltzmann-の法則" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;11.10: Stefan-Boltzmann の法則&quot;">​</a></h3><ol start="10"><li>Stefan-Boltzmann の法則 : <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>σ</mi><mi>A</mi><msup><mi>T</mi><mn>4</mn></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">P=\sigma A T^4</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">P</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8141em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">σ</span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">4</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li></ol></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-eb54b406 data-v-d801cd4d><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><!----><!--]--><!--]--><!--]--><!--]--><div class="edit-info" data-v-d801cd4d><div class="edit-link" data-v-d801cd4d><a class="VPLink link vp-external-link-icon no-icon edit-link-button" href="https://github.com/andatoshiki/toshiki-notebook/edit/master/docs/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/11.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" data-v-d801cd4d><!--[--><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="edit-link-icon" aria-label="edit icon" data-v-d801cd4d><path 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