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class="VPSidebar" data-v-f6284a77 data-v-7ab77f34><div class="curtain" data-v-7ab77f34></div><nav class="nav" id="VPSidebarNav" aria-labelledby="sidebar-aria-label" tabindex="-1" data-v-7ab77f34><span class="visually-hidden" id="sidebar-aria-label" data-v-7ab77f34> Sidebar Navigation </span><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><div class="group" data-v-7ab77f34><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible has-active" data-v-7ab77f34 data-v-1b9f5c6f><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-1b9f5c6f><div class="indicator" data-v-1b9f5c6f></div><h2 class="text" data-v-1b9f5c6f>CIS 105: Computer Applications and Information Technology</h2><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-1b9f5c6f><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="caret-icon" data-v-1b9f5c6f><path 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style="position:relative;" class="vp-doc _academic_cis105_cis105-l1-lecture-note" data-v-39e6c32d><div><h1 id="cis105-computer-applications-information-systems-lec-1" tabindex="-1">CIS105: Computer Applications & Information Systems Lec. 1. <a class="header-anchor" href="#cis105-computer-applications-information-systems-lec-1" aria-label="Permalink to "CIS105: Computer Applications & Information Systems Lec. 1.""></a></h1><div><section class="border-b-1 border-[var(--vp-c-divider)] w-full border-b-solid mt-[24px] pb-[12px] flex gap-[12px] mb-[12px] flex-wrap max-w-[85%]"><div class="flex gap-[4px] items-center"><svg style="display:inline-block;" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="1.2em" height="1.2em"><path fill="currentColor" d="M8 16A8 8 0 1 1 8 0a8 8 0 0 1 0 16Zm.847-8.145a2.502 2.502 0 1 0-1.694 0C5.471 8.261 4 9.775 4 11c0 .395.145.995 1 .995h6c.855 0 1-.6 1-.995c0-1.224-1.47-2.74-3.153-3.145Z"></path></svg> Author:<span>Anda Toshiki</span></div><!----><div class="flex gap-[4px] items-center"><svg style="display:inline-block;" viewBox="0 0 15 15" width="1.2em" height="1.2em"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M1.903 7.297c0 3.044 2.207 5.118 4.686 5.547a.521.521 0 1 1-.178 1.027C3.5 13.367.861 10.913.861 7.297c0-1.537.699-2.745 1.515-3.663c.585-.658 1.254-1.193 1.792-1.602H2.532a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1h3a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v3a.5.5 0 0 1-1 0V2.686l-.001.002c-.572.43-1.27.957-1.875 1.638c-.715.804-1.253 1.776-1.253 2.97Zm11.108.406c0-3.012-2.16-5.073-4.607-5.533a.521.521 0 1 1 .192-1.024c2.874.54 5.457 2.98 5.457 6.557c0 1.537-.699 2.744-1.515 3.663c-.585.658-1.254 1.193-1.792 1.602h1.636a.5.5 0 1 1 0 1h-3a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5v-3a.5.5 0 1 1 1 0v1.845h.002c.571-.432 1.27-.958 1.874-1.64c.715-.803 1.253-1.775 1.253-2.97Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg> Updated:<span>2 minutes ago</span></div><div class="flex gap-[4px] items-center"><svg style="display:inline-block;" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="1.2em" height="1.2em"><path fill="currentColor" d="M9.293 0H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v12a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h8a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V4.707A1 1 0 0 0 13.707 4L10 .293A1 1 0 0 0 9.293 0zM9.5 3.5v-2l3 3h-2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1zM5.485 6.879l1.036 4.144l.997-3.655a.5.5 0 0 1 .964 0l.997 3.655l1.036-4.144a.5.5 0 0 1 .97.242l-1.5 6a.5.5 0 0 1-.967.01L8 9.402l-1.018 3.73a.5.5 0 0 1-.967-.01l-1.5-6a.5.5 0 1 1 .97-.242z"></path></svg> Words:<span>971</span></div><div class="flex gap-[4px] items-center"><svg style="display:inline-block;" viewBox="0 0 20 20" width="1.2em" height="1.2em"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 0a10 10 0 1 0 10 10A10 10 0 0 0 10 0zm2.5 14.5L9 11V4h2v6l3 3z"></path></svg> Reading:<span>6 min</span></div></section></div><h2 id="chapter-1-everything-changes" tabindex="-1">Chapter 1: Everything Changes <a class="header-anchor" href="#chapter-1-everything-changes" aria-label="Permalink to "Chapter 1: Everything Changes""></a></h2><h3 id="_1-1-the-historic-timelines" tabindex="-1">1.1: The Historic Timelines <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-1-the-historic-timelines" aria-label="Permalink to "1.1: The Historic Timelines""></a></h3><ul><li><p>1903: Wright bros, invented the airplane.</p></li><li><p>1969: Armstrong walks on the moon.</p></li><li><p>2004: SpaceX Falcon 9 lands upright.</p></li><li><p>2015: Electreic plane crosses English Channel</p></li><li><p>20xx: Google Live goes online.</p></li><li><p>Boeing 777, commercial airline airplanes normally cost approximately <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">$</mi><mn>200</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>000</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>000</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>000</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\$ 200,000,000,000</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.9444em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">$200</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">000</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">000</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">000</span></span></span></span> for a singular aircraft.</p></li></ul><h3 id="_1-2-analytical-engne" tabindex="-1">1.2: Analytical Engne <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-analytical-engne" aria-label="Permalink to "1.2: Analytical Engne""></a></h3><p>A mechanical computing device, was a special-purpose machine designed to tabulate logarithms and trigonometric functions by evaluating finite differences to create approximating polynomials.</p><h3 id="_1-3-ada-lovelace" tabindex="-1">1.3: Ada Lovelace <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-3-ada-lovelace" aria-label="Permalink to "1.3: Ada Lovelace""></a></h3><p>It tok the powerful insights of a mathematicial named Ada Lovelace to realize the true potentilal of the analytical engine. She was the first person to recognize that the machine could be used for more than pure calculations. She developed the first algorithm for the engine. It was the very first example of <strong>computer programming</strong>.</p><h3 id="_1-4-information-technology-is-for-people" tabindex="-1">1.4: Information Technology is for People <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-4-information-technology-is-for-people" aria-label="Permalink to "1.4: Information Technology is for People""></a></h3><ul><li><strong>Information technology (IT)</strong>: the study, design, development, implementation, support, and management of computer-baed information systems, particularly software hardware. <ul><li><strong>People are the most important component in an information system</strong> because <strong>it is only a human who can conceive information from data</strong>. Computer system is only a machinery device and human is expected to operate towards aspects on <strong>how to perform</strong>, <strong>what to perform</strong>, <strong>what to outcome</strong>.</li></ul></li><li><strong>End-users (people)</strong> are what make computers start.</li><li><strong>Attitude</strong> will be the defining factor in your success when it comes to computer competency.</li><li><strong>Best practice</strong>: a management process, technique, or method that is most effective at arriving at desired outcome or better outcome than any other process, technique, or method. <ul><li><strong>The best and effective way of practice is through persistent and consistent training and reviewing.</strong></li></ul></li></ul><h3 id="_1-5-moore-s-law" tabindex="-1">1.5: Moore's Law <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-5-moore-s-law" aria-label="Permalink to "1.5: Moore's Law""></a></h3><ul><li><strong>Gordon Moore</strong>: One of the founding fathers of the Intel.</li><li><strong>Computer power doubles every eighteen months</strong>. <ul><li>This essentially means that, if a business purchases a computer today, in eighteen months there will be a computer available that is twice as fast.</li></ul></li><li>Being a Leader vs. Follower controversy</li></ul><h3 id="_1-6-the-cuff-smartwatch" tabindex="-1">1.6: The Cuff Smartwatch? <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-6-the-cuff-smartwatch" aria-label="Permalink to "1.6: The Cuff Smartwatch?""></a></h3><p>US rapper/producer/entrepreneur Will.i.Am announced his foray into the world of wearable tech in 2014, proclaiming to have created a device so life-changing and futuristic it'd blow our archaic mind.</p><ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartwatch" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Wikipedia smartwatch reference</a></li></ul><h3 id="_1-7-types-of-computer" tabindex="-1">1.7: Types of Computer <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-7-types-of-computer" aria-label="Permalink to "1.7: Types of Computer""></a></h3><ul><li><strong>Mainframe</strong>: Banks, Tech Companies</li><li><strong>Midrange</strong>: Small to Mid-sized business, not as powerful.</li><li><strong>Microcomputer</strong>: Laptops, <strong>Desktops</strong>, <strong>Tablet</strong> & Handled.</li></ul><h3 id="_1-8-what-is-system-software" tabindex="-1">1.8: What is System Software? <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-8-what-is-system-software" aria-label="Permalink to "1.8: What is System Software?""></a></h3><ul><li><p>System software vs. Operating system</p></li><li><p>System software vs. Application software</p></li><li><p>Operating system: Manages resources. Responsible for reading and writing data.</p></li><li><p>Graphical User Interface (GUI) & Command line interface.</p><ul><li><p>The level of an operational system layers by interface visibility.</p><ul><li><div class="language-mermaid vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">mermaid</span><pre class="shiki github-dark-dimmed vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#F47067;">graph</span><span style="color:#ADBAC7;"> </span><span style="color:#DCBDFB;">LR</span><span style="color:#ADBAC7;">;</span></span>
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<span class="line"><span style="color:#F69D50;">a</span><span style="color:#F47067;">[</span><span style="color:#96D0FF;">GUI</span><span style="color:#F47067;">]</span><span style="color:#ADBAC7;"> </span><span style="color:#F47067;">--></span><span style="color:#ADBAC7;"> </span><span style="color:#F69D50;">b</span><span style="color:#F47067;">[</span><span style="color:#96D0FF;">Application software</span><span style="color:#F47067;">]</span><span style="color:#ADBAC7;">;</span></span>
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<span class="line"><span style="color:#F69D50;">b </span><span style="color:#F47067;">--></span><span style="color:#ADBAC7;"> </span><span style="color:#F69D50;">c</span><span style="color:#F47067;">[</span><span style="color:#96D0FF;">Operating system</span><span style="color:#F47067;">]</span><span style="color:#ADBAC7;">;</span></span>
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<span class="line"><span style="color:#F69D50;">c </span><span style="color:#F47067;">--></span><span style="color:#ADBAC7;"> </span><span style="color:#F69D50;">d</span><span style="color:#F47067;">[</span><span style="color:#96D0FF;">System software</span><span style="color:#F47067;">]</span><span style="color:#ADBAC7;">;</span></span>
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<span class="line"><span style="color:#F69D50;">d </span><span style="color:#F47067;">--></span><span style="color:#ADBAC7;"> </span><span style="color:#F69D50;">e</span><span style="color:#F47067;">[</span><span style="color:#96D0FF;">CLI</span><span style="color:#F47067;">]</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#D73A49;">graph</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#6F42C1;">LR</span><span style="color:#24292E;">;</span></span>
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<span class="line"><span style="color:#E36209;">a</span><span style="color:#D73A49;">[</span><span style="color:#032F62;">GUI</span><span style="color:#D73A49;">]</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#D73A49;">--></span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#E36209;">b</span><span style="color:#D73A49;">[</span><span style="color:#032F62;">Application software</span><span style="color:#D73A49;">]</span><span style="color:#24292E;">;</span></span>
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<span class="line"><span style="color:#E36209;">b </span><span style="color:#D73A49;">--></span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#E36209;">c</span><span style="color:#D73A49;">[</span><span style="color:#032F62;">Operating system</span><span style="color:#D73A49;">]</span><span style="color:#24292E;">;</span></span>
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<span class="line"><span style="color:#E36209;">c </span><span style="color:#D73A49;">--></span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#E36209;">d</span><span style="color:#D73A49;">[</span><span style="color:#032F62;">System software</span><span style="color:#D73A49;">]</span><span style="color:#24292E;">;</span></span>
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<span class="line"><span style="color:#E36209;">d </span><span style="color:#D73A49;">--></span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#E36209;">e</span><span style="color:#D73A49;">[</span><span style="color:#032F62;">CLI</span><span style="color:#D73A49;">]</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br></div></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><h3 id="_1-9-operating-systems-platforms" tabindex="-1">1.9: Operating Systems/Platforms <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-9-operating-systems-platforms" aria-label="Permalink to "1.9: Operating Systems/Platforms""></a></h3><ul><li><strong>A collection of computer programs that work together to manage hardware and software to ensure that they are working properly.</strong><ul><li>Memory allocation</li><li>Administer input and output of information</li><li>File management</li></ul></li><li><strong>Platform (OS)</strong>: Microsoft Windows, macOS, iOS, Linux, UNIX.</li></ul><h3 id="_2-0-processes-multitasking" tabindex="-1">2.0: Processes/Multitasking <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-0-processes-multitasking" aria-label="Permalink to "2.0: Processes/Multitasking""></a></h3><ul><li><strong>Process</strong>: Any task a computer performs.</li><li><strong>Multitasking</strong>: the execution of multiple processes over a certain period of time.</li></ul><h3 id="_2-1-memory-disk-management" tabindex="-1">2.1: Memory/Disk management <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-1-memory-disk-management" aria-label="Permalink to "2.1: Memory/Disk management""></a></h3><ul><li><p><strong>Operating systems</strong>: Cache, random access memory (ram), registers, virtual memory.</p></li><li><p><strong>Primary storage vs. Secondary Storage</strong>: RAM, hard drive, file allocation table (FAT).</p><ul><li>The table of contents of a hard drive, or the file system directory structure of a system.</li></ul><blockquote><ul><li><p>Primary storage is accessed randomly which indicating the storage is only temporary without preserved.</p></li><li><p>Secondary storage is the permanent storage on a specific device while user information is stored on the machine within the physical drive storage.</p></li></ul></blockquote></li></ul><h3 id="_2-2-business-computing-software" tabindex="-1">2.2: Business Computing Software <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-2-business-computing-software" aria-label="Permalink to "2.2: Business Computing Software""></a></h3><ul><li><p>Software suite: Spreadsheets, word processors, database, and presentation software (aka application suite or productivity suite).</p><ul><li>Sharing information between these applications is te mot important aspect of a software suite.</li></ul></li><li><p>Hot keys/shortcuts: <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>+ <kbd>C</kbd> & <kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>V</kbd> on Windows; <kbd>Command</kbd>+ <kbd>C</kbd> & <kbd>Command</kbd> + <kbd>V</kbd> on Windows.</p></li><li><p><strong>Object linking and embedding (OLE) (Static)</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>In static linking, the system linker copies the dependencies into the final executable.</strong> At the time of linking an external library, the linker finds all dependencies that are defined in that library. And it replaces them with the corresponding functions from the library to resolve dependencies in our code. Afterward, the linker generates the final executable file that we can execute on the underlying machine.</p><p>For example, let’s say our application calls the function <em>print()</em> from an external library named <em>Library.</em> The assembler generates the object file with all native symbols resolved to their memory addresses. The external reference <em>print()</em> cannot be resolved. The linker loads this library and finds the definition of <em>print()</em> in it. Then, it maps to <em>print()</em> to a memory location and thus resolves the dependency:</p><p><img src="https://www.baeldung.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/10/Static-Linking.jpg" alt="Static Linking"></p><p><strong>So, a statically linked file contains our program’s code as well as the code of all the libraries it invokes</strong>. Since we copy complete libraries, we need space on both the disk and in the main memory because the resulting file may be very large.</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>Object linking (Dynamic)</strong></p><ul><li><strong>In dynamic linking, we copy the names of the external libraries into our final executable as unresolved symbols. We do the actual linking of these unresolved symbols only at runtime.</strong> How? When encountering an unresolved symbol, we query RAM for it. If the corresponding library isn’t loaded, the operating system loads it in the memory. So, <strong>the operating system performs dynamic linking for us by resolving each external symbol on the first muss.</strong> As a result, we load only a single copy of a library in memory and all processes use it.</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39e6c32d data-v-bae355c8><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><!----><!--]--><!--]--><!--]--><!--]--><div class="edit-info" data-v-bae355c8><div class="edit-link" data-v-bae355c8><a class="VPLink link vp-external-link-icon no-icon edit-link-button" href="https://github.com/andatoshiki/toshiki-notebook/edit/master/docs/academic/cis105/cis105-l1-lecture-note.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" data-v-bae355c8><!--[--><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="edit-link-icon" aria-label="edit icon" data-v-bae355c8><path d="M18,23H4c-1.7,0-3-1.3-3-3V6c0-1.7,1.3-3,3-3h7c0.6,0,1,0.4,1,1s-0.4,1-1,1H4C3.4,5,3,5.4,3,6v14c0,0.6,0.4,1,1,1h14c0.6,0,1-0.4,1-1v-7c0-0.6,0.4-1,1-1s1,0.4,1,1v7C21,21.7,19.7,23,18,23z"></path><path d="M8,17c-0.3,0-0.5-0.1-0.7-0.3C7,16.5,6.9,16.1,7,15.8l1-4c0-0.2,0.1-0.3,0.3-0.5l9.5-9.5c1.2-1.2,3.2-1.2,4.4,0c1.2,1.2,1.2,3.2,0,4.4l-9.5,9.5c-0.1,0.1-0.3,0.2-0.5,0.3l-4,1C8.2,17,8.1,17,8,17zM9.9,12.5l-0.5,2.1l2.1-0.5l9.3-9.3c0.4-0.4,0.4-1.1,0-1.6c-0.4-0.4-1.2-0.4-1.6,0l0,0L9.9,12.5z M18.5,2.5L18.5,2.5L18.5,2.5z"></path></svg> Edit this page on GitHub<!--]--></a></div><div class="last-updated" data-v-bae355c8><p class="VPLastUpdated" data-v-bae355c8 data-v-ec8405ef>Last updated: <time datetime="2024-02-02T05:01:47.000Z" data-v-ec8405ef></time></p></div></div><nav class="prev-next" data-v-bae355c8><div class="pager" data-v-bae355c8><a class="pager-link prev" href="/academic/cis105/index" data-v-bae355c8><span class="desc" data-v-bae355c8>Previous page</span><span class="title" data-v-bae355c8>Course Overview & Schedule</span></a></div><div class="pager" data-v-bae355c8><a class="pager-link next" href="/academic/cis105/cis105-l2-lecture-note" data-v-bae355c8><span class="desc" data-v-bae355c8>Next page</span><span class="title" data-v-bae355c8>Lect 2: Application Software</span></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><div id="comment-container"></div><!--]--><!--]--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><footer class="VPFooter has-sidebar" data-v-f6284a77 data-v-b69a1592><div class="container" data-v-b69a1592><p class="message" data-v-b69a1592>Wrote with <i class="heart fa fa-heart fa-xs fa-beat"></i> and <i class="coffee fa fa-coffee fa-xs" aria-hidden="true"></i> by <a href="https://toshiki.dev">Anda Toshiki</a> at <code>root@andatoshiki:/~</code></p><p class="copyright" data-v-b69a1592>Copyright © 2023-2024 <a href="https://github.com/andatoshiki">Anda Toshiki</a>, <a href="https://github.com/lolilab">LoliLab</a> and <a href="https://github.com/toshikidev">Toshiki Dev</a> present <br /><span id="siteruntime_span"></span></p></div></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div>
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