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data-v-f8e7f212 data-v-33b80383><button data-v-33b80383>Return to top</button><!----></div></div><aside class="VPSidebar" data-v-89207109 data-v-1eef3ead><div class="curtain" data-v-1eef3ead></div><nav class="nav" id="VPSidebarNav" aria-labelledby="sidebar-aria-label" tabindex="-1" data-v-1eef3ead><span class="visually-hidden" id="sidebar-aria-label" data-v-1eef3ead> Sidebar Navigation </span><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><div class="group" data-v-1eef3ead><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible has-active" data-v-1eef3ead data-v-315243f1><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-315243f1><div class="indicator" data-v-315243f1></div><h2 class="text" data-v-315243f1>IPhO Formulas: JP Ver.</h2><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-315243f1><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="caret-icon" data-v-315243f1><path 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class="indicator" data-v-315243f1></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/3" data-v-315243f1><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-315243f1>3: 運動学</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-315243f1 data-v-315243f1><div class="item" data-v-315243f1><div class="indicator" data-v-315243f1></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/4" data-v-315243f1><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-315243f1>4: 力学</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-315243f1 data-v-315243f1><div class="item" data-v-315243f1><div class="indicator" data-v-315243f1></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/5" data-v-315243f1><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-315243f1>5: 振動と波</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-315243f1 data-v-315243f1><div class="item" data-v-315243f1><div class="indicator" data-v-315243f1></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/6" data-v-315243f1><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-315243f1>6: 幾何光学，測光</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-315243f1 data-v-315243f1><div class="item" data-v-315243f1><div class="indicator" data-v-315243f1></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/7" data-v-315243f1><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-315243f1>7: 波動光学</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-315243f1 data-v-315243f1><div class="item" data-v-315243f1><div class="indicator" data-v-315243f1></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/8" data-v-315243f1><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-315243f1>8: 電気回路</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-315243f1 data-v-315243f1><div class="item" data-v-315243f1><div class="indicator" data-v-315243f1></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/9" data-v-315243f1><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-315243f1>9: 電磁気学</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-315243f1 data-v-315243f1><div class="item" data-v-315243f1><div class="indicator" data-v-315243f1></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/10" data-v-315243f1><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-315243f1>10: 熱力</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-315243f1 data-v-315243f1><div class="item" data-v-315243f1><div class="indicator" data-v-315243f1></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/11" data-v-315243f1><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-315243f1>11: 量子力学</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-315243f1 data-v-315243f1><div class="item" data-v-315243f1><div class="indicator" data-v-315243f1></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/12" data-v-315243f1><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-315243f1>12: Keplerの法則</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-315243f1 data-v-315243f1><div class="item" data-v-315243f1><div class="indicator" data-v-315243f1></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/13" data-v-315243f1><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-315243f1>13: 相対性理論</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--></nav></aside><div class="VPContent has-sidebar" id="VPContent" data-v-89207109 data-v-4a097eb3><div class="VPDoc has-sidebar has-aside" data-v-4a097eb3 data-v-4885b148><!--[--><!--]--><div class="container" data-v-4885b148><div class="aside" data-v-4885b148><div class="aside-curtain" data-v-4885b148></div><div class="aside-container" data-v-4885b148><div class="aside-content" data-v-4885b148><div class="VPDocAside" data-v-4885b148 data-v-7045d2d5><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--><div class="VPDocAsideOutline" role="navigation" data-v-7045d2d5 data-v-35301578><div class="content" data-v-35301578><div class="outline-marker" data-v-35301578></div><div class="outline-title" role="heading" aria-level="2" data-v-35301578>TOC</div><nav aria-labelledby="doc-outline-aria-label" data-v-35301578><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-outline-aria-label" data-v-35301578> Table of Contents for current page </span><ul class="root" data-v-35301578 data-v-cc4b0507><!--[--><!--]--></ul></nav></div></div><!--[--><!--]--><div class="spacer" data-v-7045d2d5></div><!--[--><!--]--><!----><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><div class="VPDocAsideSponsors"><div class="VPSponsors vp-sponsor aside"><!--[--><section class="vp-sponsor-section"><!----><div class="VPSponsorsGrid vp-sponsor-grid medium"><!--[--><div class="vp-sponsor-grid-item"><a class="vp-sponsor-grid-link" target="_blank" rel="sponsored noopener"><article class="vp-sponsor-grid-box"><h4 class="visually-hidden"></h4><img class="vp-sponsor-grid-image" src="https://jsd.toshiki.dev/gh/andatoshiki/toshiki-notebook@master/assets/logo/sponsor/telegram.png"></article></a></div><!--]--></div></section><!--]--></div></div><!--]--><!--]--><!--]--><!--]--></div></div></div></div><div class="content" data-v-4885b148><div class="content-container" data-v-4885b148><!--[--><!--]--><!----><main class="main" data-v-4885b148><div style="position:relative;" class="vp-doc _academic_physics_ipho-formulas-jpn_10" data-v-4885b148><div><h1 id="formulas-for-ipho-日本語版-section-10" tabindex="-1">Formulas for IPhO 日本語版: Section 10 <a class="header-anchor" href="#formulas-for-ipho-日本語版-section-10" aria-label="Permalink to "Formulas for IPhO 日本語版: Section 10""></a></h1><div><section class="border-b-1 border-[var(--vp-c-divider)] w-full border-b-solid mt-[24px] pb-[12px] flex gap-[12px] mb-[12px] flex-wrap max-w-[85%]"><div class="flex gap-[4px] items-center"><svg style="display:inline-block;" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="1.2em" height="1.2em"><path fill="currentColor" d="M8 16A8 8 0 1 1 8 0a8 8 0 0 1 0 16m.847-8.145a2.502 2.502 0 1 0-1.694 0C5.471 8.261 4 9.775 4 11c0 .395.145.995 1 .995h6c.855 0 1-.6 1-.995c0-1.224-1.47-2.74-3.153-3.145"></path></svg> Author:<span>Anda Toshiki</span></div><!----><div class="flex gap-[4px] items-center"><svg style="display:inline-block;" viewBox="0 0 15 15" width="1.2em" height="1.2em"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M1.903 7.297c0 3.044 2.207 5.118 4.686 5.547a.521.521 0 1 1-.178 1.027C3.5 13.367.861 10.913.861 7.297c0-1.537.699-2.745 1.515-3.663c.585-.658 1.254-1.193 1.792-1.602H2.532a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1h3a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v3a.5.5 0 0 1-1 0V2.686l-.001.002c-.572.43-1.27.957-1.875 1.638c-.715.804-1.253 1.776-1.253 2.97m11.108.406c0-3.012-2.16-5.073-4.607-5.533a.521.521 0 1 1 .192-1.024c2.874.54 5.457 2.98 5.457 6.557c0 1.537-.699 2.744-1.515 3.663c-.585.658-1.254 1.193-1.792 1.602h1.636a.5.5 0 1 1 0 1h-3a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5v-3a.5.5 0 1 1 1 0v1.845h.002c.571-.432 1.27-.958 1.874-1.64c.715-.803 1.253-1.775 1.253-2.97" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg> Updated:<span>3 minutes ago</span></div><div class="flex gap-[4px] items-center"><svg style="display:inline-block;" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="1.2em" height="1.2em"><path fill="currentColor" d="M9.293 0H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v12a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h8a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V4.707A1 1 0 0 0 13.707 4L10 .293A1 1 0 0 0 9.293 0M9.5 3.5v-2l3 3h-2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1M5.485 6.879l1.036 4.144l.997-3.655a.5.5 0 0 1 .964 0l.997 3.655l1.036-4.144a.5.5 0 0 1 .97.242l-1.5 6a.5.5 0 0 1-.967.01L8 9.402l-1.018 3.73a.5.5 0 0 1-.967-.01l-1.5-6a.5.5 0 1 1 .97-.242z"></path></svg> Words:<span>613</span></div><div class="flex gap-[4px] items-center"><svg style="display:inline-block;" viewBox="0 0 20 20" width="1.2em" height="1.2em"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 0a10 10 0 1 0 10 10A10 10 0 0 0 10 0m2.5 14.5L9 11V4h2v6l3 3z"></path></svg> Reading:<span>3 min</span></div></section></div><h2 id="_10-熱力学" tabindex="-1">10: 熱力学 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-熱力学" aria-label="Permalink to "10: 熱力学""></a></h2><h3 id="_10-1" tabindex="-1">10.1: <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi>V</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mi>w</mi><mi>M</mi></mfrac><mi>R</mi><mi>T</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p V=\frac{w}{M} R T</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8778em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.22222em;">V</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0404em;vertical-align:-0.345em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6954em;"><span style="top:-2.655em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.10903em;">M</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.394em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02691em;">w</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">RT</span></span></span></span> <a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-1" aria-label="Permalink to "10.1: $p V=\frac{w}{M} R T$""></a></h3><ol><li><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi>V</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mi>w</mi><mi>M</mi></mfrac><mi>R</mi><mi>T</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p V=\frac{w}{M} R T</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8778em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.22222em;">V</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0404em;vertical-align:-0.345em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6954em;"><span style="top:-2.655em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.10903em;">M</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.394em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02691em;">w</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">RT</span></span></span></span>.</li></ol><h3 id="_10-2-モルの気体の内部エネルギー" tabindex="-1">10.2: モルの気体の内部エネルギー <a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-2-モルの気体の内部エネルギー" aria-label="Permalink to "10.2: モルの気体の内部エネルギー""></a></h3><ol start="2"><li>1 モルの気体の内部エネルギー: <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>U</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mi>i</mi><mn>2</mn></mfrac><mi>R</mi><mi>T</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">U=\frac{i}{2} R T</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em;">U</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.2007em;vertical-align:-0.345em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8557em;"><span style="top:-2.655em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.394em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">RT</span></span></span></span> [訳者注: 単 原子分子理想気体 <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">i=3</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6595em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6444em;"></span><span class="mord">3</span></span></span></span>, 二原子分子理想気体 <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>5</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">i=5]</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6595em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mclose">]</span></span></span></span>.</li></ol><h3 id="_10-3-標準状態" tabindex="-1">10.3: 標準状態 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-3-標準状態" aria-label="Permalink to "10.3: 標準状態""></a></h3><ol start="3"><li>標準状態での 1 モルの気体の体積は <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>22.4</mn><mrow><mtext> </mtext><mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">22.4 \mathrm{~L}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord">22.4</span><span class="mord"><span class="mspace nobreak"> </span><span class="mord mathrm">L</span></span></span></span></span>.</li></ol><h3 id="_10-4-断熱過程" tabindex="-1">10.4: 断熱過程 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-4-断熱過程" aria-label="Permalink to "10.4: 断熱過程""></a></h3><ol start="4"><li>断熱過程: 音速に比べて遅く, 熱の出入りがない. <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><msup><mi>V</mi><mi>γ</mi></msup><mo>=</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p V^\gamma=</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8778em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.22222em;">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6644em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.05556em;">γ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span></span></span></span> const. <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><mi>T</mi><msup><mi>V</mi><mrow><mi>γ</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\left(T V^{\gamma-1}=\right.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.2em;vertical-align:-0.35em;"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em;"><span class="delimsizing size1">(</span></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">T</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.22222em;">V</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.05556em;">γ</span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span> const. <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span>.</li></ol><h3 id="_10-5-γ-cp-cv-i-2-i" tabindex="-1">10.5: γ=Cp/Cv=(i+2)/i <a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-5-γ-cp-cv-i-2-i" aria-label="Permalink to "10.5: γ=Cp/Cv=(i+2)/i""></a></h3><ol start="5"><li><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>γ</mi><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>c</mi><mi>p</mi></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><msub><mi>c</mi><mi>v</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>i</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\gamma=c_p / c_v=(i+2) / i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05556em;">γ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0361em;vertical-align:-0.2861em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">p</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2861em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span></span></span></span>.</li></ol><h3 id="_10-6-boltzmann-分布" tabindex="-1">10.6: Boltzmann 分布 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-6-boltzmann-分布" aria-label="Permalink to "10.6: Boltzmann 分布""></a></h3><ol start="6"><li>Boltzmann 分布 :<p class="katex-block"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mi>ρ</mi><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>ρ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><msup><mi>e</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mi>M</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>h</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>R</mi><mi>T</mi></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>ρ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><msup><mi>e</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mi>U</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><msub><mi>k</mi><mi>B</mi></msub><mi>T</mi></mrow></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\rho=\rho_0 e^{-M g h / R T}=\rho_0 e^{-U / k_B T} </annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">ρ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.1324em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">ρ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3011em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.938em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">−</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.10903em;">M</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">h</span><span class="mord mtight">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">RT</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.1324em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">ρ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3011em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.938em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">−</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.10903em;">U</span><span class="mord mtight">/</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03148em;">k</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em;"><span style="top:-2.3567em;margin-left:-0.0315em;margin-right:0.0714em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1433em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">T</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p></li></ol><h3 id="_10-7-maxwell-分布" tabindex="-1">10.7: Maxwell 分布 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-7-maxwell-分布" aria-label="Permalink to "10.7: Maxwell 分布""></a></h3><ol start="7"><li>Maxwell 分布（v の速さをもつ分子の数）<div class="tip custom-block"><p class="custom-block-title">訳者注</p><p>位相空間で <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">v</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\boldsymbol{v}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4444em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord boldsymbol" style="margin-right:0.03704em;">v</span></span></span></span></span></span> と <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">v</mi><mo>+</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">v</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\boldsymbol{v}+\mathrm{d} \boldsymbol{v}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6667em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord boldsymbol" style="margin-right:0.03704em;">v</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6944em;"></span><span class="mord mathrm">d</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord boldsymbol" style="margin-right:0.03704em;">v</span></span></span></span></span></span> の間にある分子の数の分布 であり，v の速さをもつ分子の数の分布とは異なる] <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo>∝</mo><msup><mi>e</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mi>m</mi><msup><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">v</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mn>2</mn><msub><mi>k</mi><mi>B</mi></msub><mi>T</mi></mrow></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\propto e^{-m \boldsymbol{v}^2 / 2 k_B T}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mrel">∝</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.9869em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9869em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">−</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">m</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord boldsymbol mtight" style="margin-right:0.03704em;">v</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8913em;"><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.0714em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mtight">/2</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03148em;">k</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em;"><span style="top:-2.3567em;margin-left:-0.0315em;margin-right:0.0714em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1433em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">T</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p></div></li></ol><h3 id="_10-8-大気圧" tabindex="-1">10.8: 大気圧 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-8-大気圧" aria-label="Permalink to "10.8: 大気圧""></a></h3><ol start="8"><li>大気圧 : <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>p</mi><mo>≪</mo><mi>p</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Delta p \ll p</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8778em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">≪</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span></span></span></span> ならば <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>p</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>ρ</mi><mi>g</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>h</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Delta p=\rho g \Delta h</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8778em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">ρ</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span></span></span></span>.</li></ol><h3 id="_10-9-公式" tabindex="-1">10.9: 公式 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-9-公式" aria-label="Permalink to "10.9: 公式""></a></h3><ol start="9"><li><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mn>3</mn></mfrac><mi>m</mi><mi>n</mi><mover accent="true"><msup><mi>v</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mo>=</mo><mi>n</mi><msub><mi>k</mi><mi>B</mi></msub><mi>T</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>n</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p=\frac{1}{3} m n \overline{v^2}=n k_B T(n</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.2851em;vertical-align:-0.345em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8451em;"><span style="top:-2.655em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">3</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.394em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal">mn</span><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9401em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7401em;"><span style="top:-2.989em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.8601em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03148em;">k</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3283em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0315em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">T</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span></span></span></span> は数密度 <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo separator="true">,</mo><msqrt><mover accent="true"><mover accent="true"><msup><mi>v</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover></msqrt><mo>=</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">), \sqrt{\overline{\overline{v^2}}}=</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.84em;vertical-align:-0.2849em;"></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord sqrt"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.5551em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3.8em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.8em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:1em;"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.1401em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9401em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7401em;"><span style="top:-2.989em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.8601em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-4.0601em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.5151em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.8em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:1.02em;height:1.88em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="400em" height="1.88em" viewBox="0 0 400000 1944" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin slice"><path d="M983 90
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s-271.3,567,-271.3,567c-38.7,80.7,-84,175,-136,283c-52,108,-89.167,185.3,-111.5,232
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c-22.3,46.7,-33.8,70.3,-34.5,71c-4.7,4.7,-12.3,7,-23,7s-12,-1,-12,-1
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s-109,-253,-109,-253c-72.7,-168,-109.3,-252,-110,-252c-10.7,8,-22,16.7,-34,26
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M1001 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.305em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.06366em;">ν</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span></span></span></span>.</li></ol><h3 id="_10-10-carnot-サイクル" tabindex="-1">10.10: Carnot サイクル <a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-10-carnot-サイクル" aria-label="Permalink to "10.10: Carnot サイクル""></a></h3><ol start="10"><li>Carnot サイクル : 断熱過程 2 つと等温過程 2 つ. <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>S</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>T</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">S-T</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7667em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">T</span></span></span></span> 座標を用いることにより <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>η</mi><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\eta=\left(T_1-T_2\right) / T_1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">η</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em;">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3011em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.1389em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3011em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.1389em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em;">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3011em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.1389em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> を得る.</li></ol><h3 id="_10-11-ヒートポンプ" tabindex="-1">10.11: ヒートポンプ <a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-11-ヒートポンプ" aria-label="Permalink to "10.11: ヒートポンプ""></a></h3><ol start="11"><li>ヒートポンプ: Carnot サイクルの逆. <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>η</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\eta=\frac{T_1}{T_1-T_2}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">η</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.3335em;vertical-align:-0.4451em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8884em;"><span style="top:-2.655em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3173em;"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:-0.1389em;margin-right:0.0714em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3173em;"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:-0.1389em;margin-right:0.0714em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.4101em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3173em;"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:-0.1389em;margin-right:0.0714em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.4451em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span>.</li></ol><h3 id="_10-12-エントロピー" tabindex="-1">10.12: エントロピー <a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-12-エントロピー" aria-label="Permalink to "10.12: エントロピー""></a></h3><ol start="12"><li>エントロピー <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo>:</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi><mi>S</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi><mi>Q</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>T</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">: \mathrm{d} S=\mathrm{d} Q / T</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6944em;"></span><span class="mord mathrm">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathrm">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">Q</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">T</span></span></span></span>.</li></ol><h3 id="_10-13-熱力学第一法則" tabindex="-1">10.13: 熱力学第一法則 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-13-熱力学第一法則" aria-label="Permalink to "10.13: 熱力学第一法則""></a></h3><ol start="13"><li>熱力学第一法則 : <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup><mi>U</mi><mo>=</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup><mi>A</mi><mo>+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup><mi>Q</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathrm{d}^{\prime} U=\mathrm{d}^{\prime} A+\mathrm{d}^{\prime} Q</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7519em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathrm">d</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7519em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em;">U</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8352em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathrm">d</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7519em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.9463em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathrm">d</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7519em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal">Q</span></span></span></span></li></ol><h3 id="_10-14-熱力学第二法則" tabindex="-1">10.14: 熱力学第二法則 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-14-熱力学第二法則" aria-label="Permalink to "10.14: 熱力学第二法則""></a></h3><ol start="14"><li>熱力学第二法則 : <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>S</mi><mo>≥</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Delta S \geq 0</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8193em;vertical-align:-0.136em;"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">≥</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6444em;"></span><span class="mord">0</span></span></span></span> (また <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>η</mi><mtext>real </mtext></msub><mo>≤</mo><msub><mi>η</mi><mtext>Carnot </mtext></msub><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\left.\eta_{\text {real }} \leq \eta_{\text {Carnot }}\right)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">η</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0359em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord text mtight"><span class="mord mtight">real </span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">≤</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">η</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3283em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0359em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord text mtight"><span class="mord mtight">Carnot </span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em;">)</span></span></span></span></span>.</li></ol><h3 id="_10-15-気体のする仕事" tabindex="-1">10.15: 気体のする仕事 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-15-気体のする仕事" aria-label="Permalink to "10.15: 気体のする仕事""></a></h3><ol start="15"><li>気体のする仕事（<a href="./10#_10-10-carnot-サイクル">ポイント 10</a> も参照）:<p class="katex-block"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>∫</mo><mi>p</mi><mrow><mtext> </mtext><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi></mrow><mi>V</mi><mo separator="true">,</mo><mspace width="1em"></mspace><mtext> 断熱過程: </mtext><mi>A</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mi>i</mi><mn>2</mn></mfrac><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>p</mi><mi>V</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A=\int p \mathrm{~d} V, \quad \text { 断熱過程: } A=\frac{i}{2} \Delta(p V) </annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.2222em;vertical-align:-0.8622em;"></span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op" style="margin-right:0.44445em;position:relative;top:-0.0011em;">∫</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord"><span class="mspace nobreak"> </span><span class="mord mathrm">d</span></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.22222em;">V</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:1em;"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord text"><span class="mord"> </span><span class="mord cjk_fallback">断熱過程</span><span class="mord">: </span></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.0225em;vertical-align:-0.686em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3365em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">2</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.22222em;">V</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span></p></li></ol><h3 id="_10-16-dalton-の法則" tabindex="-1">10.16: Dalton の法則 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-16-dalton-の法則" aria-label="Permalink to "10.16: Dalton の法則""></a></h3><ol start="16"><li><p>Dalton の法則: <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mo>=</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p=</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span></span></span></span> <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo>∑</mo><msub><mi>p</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\sum p_i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mop op-symbol small-op" style="position:relative;top:0em;">∑</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3117em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><div class="tip custom-block"><p class="custom-block-title">訳者注</p><p>理想気体のみ成立</p></div></li></ol><h3 id="_10-17-沸騰" tabindex="-1">10.17: 沸騰 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-17-沸騰" aria-label="Permalink to "10.17: 沸騰""></a></h3><ol start="17"><li>沸騰: 飽和蒸気の圧力 <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>p</mi><mi>v</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>p</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mn>2</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p_v=p_0 .2</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8389em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3011em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">.2</span></span></span></span> 液の界面では <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>p</mi><mrow><mi>v</mi><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>p</mi><mrow><mi>v</mi><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>p</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p_{v 1}+p_{v 2}=p_0</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7778em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3011em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3011em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3011em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>.</li></ol><h3 id="_10-18-熱流" tabindex="-1">10.18: 熱流 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-18-熱流" aria-label="Permalink to "10.18: 熱流""></a></h3><ol start="18"><li>熱流: <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>k</mi><mi>S</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>T</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>l</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">P=k S \Delta T / l</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">P</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03148em;">k</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">T</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span></span></span></span> ( <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>k</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">k</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03148em;">k</span></span></span></span> は熱伝導率). 直流回路に似て いる <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>P</mi><mo>↔</mo><mi>I</mi><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>T</mi><mo>↔</mo><mi>V</mi><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>k</mi><mo>↔</mo><mn>1</mn><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>ρ</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(P \leftrightarrow I, \Delta T \leftrightarrow V, k \leftrightarrow 1 / \rho)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">P</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">↔</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8778em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em;">I</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">T</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">↔</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.22222em;">V</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03148em;">k</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">↔</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">1/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ρ</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span>.</li></ol><h3 id="_10-19-熱容量" tabindex="-1">10.19: 熱容量 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-19-熱容量" aria-label="Permalink to "10.19: 熱容量""></a></h3><ol start="19"><li>熱容量 : <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>Q</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>∫</mo><mi>c</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>T</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi><mi>T</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Q=\int c(T) \mathrm{d} T</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8778em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">Q</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.1111em;vertical-align:-0.3061em;"></span><span class="mop op-symbol small-op" style="margin-right:0.19445em;position:relative;top:-0.0006em;">∫</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">T</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord mathrm">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">T</span></span></span></span>. 固体では低温で <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>c</mi><mo>∝</mo><msup><mi>T</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">c \propto T^3</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∝</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8141em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">3</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, 高温で <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>c</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn><mi>N</mi><msub><mi>k</mi><mi>B</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">c=3 N k_B</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8444em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em;">N</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03148em;">k</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3283em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0315em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> （Dulong-Petit の法則. ここで <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">N</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em;">N</span></span></span></span> は結晶中の原子数）</li></ol><h3 id="_10-20-表面張力" tabindex="-1">10.20: 表面張力 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-20-表面張力" aria-label="Permalink to "10.20: 表面張力""></a></h3><ol start="20"><li>表面張力 :<p class="katex-block"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mi>U</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>S</mi><mi>σ</mi><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>F</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>l</mi><mi>σ</mi><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>p</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>σ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">U=S \sigma, F=l \sigma, p=2 \sigma / R </annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em;">U</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8778em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">σ</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">F</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">σ</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">σ</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em;">R</span></span></span></span></span></p></li></ol><h3 id="_10-21-stefan-boltzmann-の法則-灰色体" tabindex="-1">10.21: Stefan-Boltzmann の法則 (灰色体) <a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-21-stefan-boltzmann-の法則-灰色体" aria-label="Permalink to "10.21: Stefan-Boltzmann の法則 (灰色体)""></a></h3><ol start="21"><li>Stefan-Boltzmann の法則 (灰色体) : <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>ε</mi><mi>σ</mi><mi>A</mi><msup><mi>T</mi><mn>4</mn></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">P=\varepsilon \sigma A T^4</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">P</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8141em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">ε</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">σ</span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">4</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>.</li></ol><h3 id="_10-22-wien-の変位則" tabindex="-1">10.22: Wien の変位則 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-22-wien-の変位則" aria-label="Permalink to "10.22: Wien の変位則""></a></h3><ol start="22"><li>Wien の変位則: <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>ν</mi><mi>max</mi><mo></mo></msub><mo>=</mo><mi>A</mi><msub><mi>k</mi><mi>B</mi></msub><mi>T</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>≈</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\nu_{\max }=A k_B T / h(A \approx</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5806em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.06366em;">ν</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0637em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mop mtight"><span class="mtight">m</span><span class="mtight">a</span><span class="mtight">x</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03148em;">k</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3283em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0315em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">T</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">≈</span></span></span></span> 2.8), <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>λ</mi><mi>max</mi><mo></mo></msub><mo>=</mo><mi>h</mi><mi>c</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><msup><mi>A</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup><msub><mi>k</mi><mi>B</mi></msub><mi>T</mi><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><msup><mi>A</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup><mo>≈</mo><mn>5</mn><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\lambda_{\max }=h c / A^{\prime} k_B T\left(A^{\prime} \approx 5\right)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8444em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">λ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mop mtight"><span class="mtight">m</span><span class="mtight">a</span><span class="mtight">x</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0019em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7519em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03148em;">k</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3283em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0315em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">T</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em;">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7519em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">≈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em;">)</span></span></span></span></span>.</li></ol></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-4885b148 data-v-10ef07da><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><!----><!--]--><!--]--><!--]--><!--]--><div class="edit-info" data-v-10ef07da><div class="edit-link" data-v-10ef07da><a class="VPLink link vp-external-link-icon no-icon edit-link-button" href="https://github.com/andatoshiki/toshiki-notebook/edit/master/docs/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/10.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" data-v-10ef07da><!--[--><svg 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相対性理論\",\"link\":\"/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/13\"}]}],\"/academic/cis105/\":[{\"text\":\"CIS 105: Computer Applications and Information Technology\",\"collapsed\":false,\"items\":[{\"text\":\"Course Overview & Schedule\",\"link\":\"/academic/cis105/index\"},{\"text\":\"Lect 1: Everything Changes\",\"link\":\"/academic/cis105/cis105-l1-lecture-note\"},{\"text\":\"Lect 2: Application Software\",\"link\":\"/academic/cis105/cis105-l2-lecture-note\"},{\"text\":\"Lect 3: Computer Hardware\",\"link\":\"/academic/cis105/cis105-l3-lecture-note\"},{\"text\":\"Lect 4: Formulas and Functions\",\"link\":\"/academic/cis105/cis105-l4-lecture-note\"},{\"text\":\"Lect 5: Operating System\",\"link\":\"/academic/cis105/cis105-l5-lecture-note\"},{\"text\":\"Lect 6 Pt 1: System Software\",\"link\":\"/academic/cis105/cis105-l6-pt1-lecture-note\"},{\"text\":\"Lect 6 Pt 2: Logical Functions\",\"link\":\"/academic/cis105/cis105-l6-pt2-lecture-note\"},{\"text\":\"Lect 7: Green Business 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Query\",\"link\":\"/academic/cis105/cis105-l17-lecture-note\"},{\"text\":\"Lect 18: Databases\",\"link\":\"/academic/cis105/cis105-l18-lecture-note\"}]}],\"/academic/vocabulary/\":[{\"text\":\"Vocabulary\",\"collapsed\":true,\"items\":[{\"text\":\"2023-02-27\",\"link\":\"/academic/vocabulary/2023/02/2023-02-27\"}]}],\"/academic/literature/\":[{\"text\":\"Writing Resources\",\"collapsed\":true,\"items\":[{\"text\":\"Patterns of Organization and Methods of Development\",\"link\":\"/academic/literature/writing/methods-of-development\"}]}],\"/javascript/\":[{\"text\":\"1: Basic JavaScript-Value, Variables, and Control Flow\",\"collapsed\":true,\"items\":[{\"text\":\"1-1: Numbers\",\"link\":\"/javascript/notes/1/1-1\"},{\"text\":\"\",\"link\":\"\"},{\"text\":\"\",\"link\":\"\"},{\"text\":\"\",\"link\":\"\"},{\"text\":\"\",\"link\":\"\"}]}],\"/save/reading/\":[{\"text\":\"Outliers\",\"collapsed\":true,\"items\":[{\"text\":\"Introduction & Chapter 1: The Roseto 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