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data-v-f8e7f212 data-v-33b80383><button data-v-33b80383>Return to top</button><!----></div></div><aside class="VPSidebar" data-v-89207109 data-v-1eef3ead><div class="curtain" data-v-1eef3ead></div><nav class="nav" id="VPSidebarNav" aria-labelledby="sidebar-aria-label" tabindex="-1" data-v-1eef3ead><span class="visually-hidden" id="sidebar-aria-label" data-v-1eef3ead> Sidebar Navigation </span><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><div class="group" data-v-1eef3ead><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible has-active" data-v-1eef3ead data-v-315243f1><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-315243f1><div class="indicator" data-v-315243f1></div><h2 class="text" data-v-315243f1>IPhO Formulas: JP Ver.</h2><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-315243f1><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="caret-icon" data-v-315243f1><path 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class="indicator" data-v-315243f1></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/3" data-v-315243f1><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-315243f1>3: 運動学</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-315243f1 data-v-315243f1><div class="item" data-v-315243f1><div class="indicator" data-v-315243f1></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/4" data-v-315243f1><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-315243f1>4: 力学</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-315243f1 data-v-315243f1><div class="item" data-v-315243f1><div class="indicator" data-v-315243f1></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/5" data-v-315243f1><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-315243f1>5: 振動と波</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-315243f1 data-v-315243f1><div class="item" data-v-315243f1><div class="indicator" data-v-315243f1></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/6" data-v-315243f1><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-315243f1>6: 幾何光学，測光</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-315243f1 data-v-315243f1><div class="item" data-v-315243f1><div class="indicator" data-v-315243f1></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/7" data-v-315243f1><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-315243f1>7: 波動光学</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-315243f1 data-v-315243f1><div class="item" data-v-315243f1><div class="indicator" data-v-315243f1></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/8" data-v-315243f1><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-315243f1>8: 電気回路</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-315243f1 data-v-315243f1><div class="item" data-v-315243f1><div class="indicator" data-v-315243f1></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/9" data-v-315243f1><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-315243f1>9: 電磁気学</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-315243f1 data-v-315243f1><div class="item" data-v-315243f1><div class="indicator" data-v-315243f1></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/10" data-v-315243f1><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-315243f1>10: 熱力</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-315243f1 data-v-315243f1><div class="item" data-v-315243f1><div class="indicator" data-v-315243f1></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/11" data-v-315243f1><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-315243f1>11: 量子力学</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-315243f1 data-v-315243f1><div class="item" data-v-315243f1><div class="indicator" data-v-315243f1></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/12" data-v-315243f1><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-315243f1>12: Keplerの法則</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-315243f1 data-v-315243f1><div class="item" data-v-315243f1><div class="indicator" data-v-315243f1></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/13" data-v-315243f1><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-315243f1>13: 相対性理論</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--></nav></aside><div class="VPContent has-sidebar" id="VPContent" data-v-89207109 data-v-4a097eb3><div class="VPDoc has-sidebar has-aside" data-v-4a097eb3 data-v-4885b148><!--[--><!--]--><div class="container" data-v-4885b148><div class="aside" data-v-4885b148><div class="aside-curtain" data-v-4885b148></div><div class="aside-container" data-v-4885b148><div class="aside-content" data-v-4885b148><div class="VPDocAside" data-v-4885b148 data-v-7045d2d5><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--><div class="VPDocAsideOutline" role="navigation" data-v-7045d2d5 data-v-35301578><div class="content" data-v-35301578><div class="outline-marker" data-v-35301578></div><div class="outline-title" role="heading" aria-level="2" data-v-35301578>TOC</div><nav aria-labelledby="doc-outline-aria-label" data-v-35301578><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-outline-aria-label" data-v-35301578> Table of Contents for current page </span><ul class="root" data-v-35301578 data-v-cc4b0507><!--[--><!--]--></ul></nav></div></div><!--[--><!--]--><div class="spacer" data-v-7045d2d5></div><!--[--><!--]--><!----><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><div class="VPDocAsideSponsors"><div class="VPSponsors vp-sponsor aside"><!--[--><section class="vp-sponsor-section"><!----><div class="VPSponsorsGrid vp-sponsor-grid medium"><!--[--><div class="vp-sponsor-grid-item"><a class="vp-sponsor-grid-link" target="_blank" rel="sponsored noopener"><article class="vp-sponsor-grid-box"><h4 class="visually-hidden"></h4><img class="vp-sponsor-grid-image" src="https://jsd.toshiki.dev/gh/andatoshiki/toshiki-notebook@master/assets/logo/sponsor/telegram.png"></article></a></div><!--]--></div></section><!--]--></div></div><!--]--><!--]--><!--]--><!--]--></div></div></div></div><div class="content" data-v-4885b148><div class="content-container" data-v-4885b148><!--[--><!--]--><!----><main class="main" data-v-4885b148><div style="position:relative;" class="vp-doc _academic_physics_ipho-formulas-jpn_13" data-v-4885b148><div><h1 id="formulas-for-ipho-日本語版-section-13" tabindex="-1">Formulas for IPhO 日本語版: Section 13 <a class="header-anchor" href="#formulas-for-ipho-日本語版-section-13" aria-label="Permalink to "Formulas for IPhO 日本語版: Section 13""></a></h1><div><section class="border-b-1 border-[var(--vp-c-divider)] w-full border-b-solid mt-[24px] pb-[12px] flex gap-[12px] mb-[12px] flex-wrap max-w-[85%]"><div class="flex gap-[4px] items-center"><svg style="display:inline-block;" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="1.2em" height="1.2em"><path fill="currentColor" d="M8 16A8 8 0 1 1 8 0a8 8 0 0 1 0 16m.847-8.145a2.502 2.502 0 1 0-1.694 0C5.471 8.261 4 9.775 4 11c0 .395.145.995 1 .995h6c.855 0 1-.6 1-.995c0-1.224-1.47-2.74-3.153-3.145"></path></svg> Author:<span>Anda Toshiki</span></div><!----><div class="flex gap-[4px] items-center"><svg style="display:inline-block;" viewBox="0 0 15 15" width="1.2em" height="1.2em"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M1.903 7.297c0 3.044 2.207 5.118 4.686 5.547a.521.521 0 1 1-.178 1.027C3.5 13.367.861 10.913.861 7.297c0-1.537.699-2.745 1.515-3.663c.585-.658 1.254-1.193 1.792-1.602H2.532a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1h3a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v3a.5.5 0 0 1-1 0V2.686l-.001.002c-.572.43-1.27.957-1.875 1.638c-.715.804-1.253 1.776-1.253 2.97m11.108.406c0-3.012-2.16-5.073-4.607-5.533a.521.521 0 1 1 .192-1.024c2.874.54 5.457 2.98 5.457 6.557c0 1.537-.699 2.744-1.515 3.663c-.585.658-1.254 1.193-1.792 1.602h1.636a.5.5 0 1 1 0 1h-3a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5v-3a.5.5 0 1 1 1 0v1.845h.002c.571-.432 1.27-.958 1.874-1.64c.715-.803 1.253-1.775 1.253-2.97" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg> Updated:<span>2 minutes ago</span></div><div class="flex gap-[4px] items-center"><svg style="display:inline-block;" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="1.2em" height="1.2em"><path fill="currentColor" d="M9.293 0H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v12a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h8a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V4.707A1 1 0 0 0 13.707 4L10 .293A1 1 0 0 0 9.293 0M9.5 3.5v-2l3 3h-2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1M5.485 6.879l1.036 4.144l.997-3.655a.5.5 0 0 1 .964 0l.997 3.655l1.036-4.144a.5.5 0 0 1 .97.242l-1.5 6a.5.5 0 0 1-.967.01L8 9.402l-1.018 3.73a.5.5 0 0 1-.967-.01l-1.5-6a.5.5 0 1 1 .97-.242z"></path></svg> Words:<span>488</span></div><div class="flex gap-[4px] items-center"><svg style="display:inline-block;" viewBox="0 0 20 20" width="1.2em" height="1.2em"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 0a10 10 0 1 0 10 10A10 10 0 0 0 10 0m2.5 14.5L9 11V4h2v6l3 3z"></path></svg> Reading:<span>2 min</span></div></section></div><h2 id="_13-相対性理論" tabindex="-1">13: 相対性理論 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_13-相対性理論" aria-label="Permalink to "13: 相対性理論""></a></h2><h3 id="_13-1-lorentz-変換" tabindex="-1">13.1:Lorentz 変換 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_13-1-lorentz-変換" aria-label="Permalink to "13.1:Lorentz 変換""></a></h3><ol><li><p>Lorentz 変換 (Minkowski 幾何学の 4 次元時空の回 転）(慣性系間の速度が <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">V</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>V</mi><msub><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">e</mi><mi>x</mi></msub><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><mo>:</mo><mi>β</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>V</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>c</mi><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>γ</mi><mo>=</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\left.\boldsymbol{V}=V \boldsymbol{e}_x\right): \beta=V / c, \gamma=</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord boldsymbol" style="margin-right:0.25555em;">V</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.22222em;">V</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord boldsymbol">e</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">x</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em;">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em;">β</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.22222em;">V</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05556em;">γ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span></span></span></span></p><p class="katex-block"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mtable rowspacing="0.25em" columnalign="right left" columnspacing="0em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mrow></mrow></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mrow><mrow></mrow><mn>1</mn><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><msqrt><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><msup><mi>β</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></msqrt><mtext> として, </mtext></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mrow></mrow></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mrow><mrow></mrow><mspace width="2em"></mspace><mi>c</mi><msup><mi>t</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup><mo>=</mo><mi>γ</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>c</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>β</mi><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo separator="true">,</mo><msup><mi>x</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup><mo>=</mo><mi>γ</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>β</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo separator="true">,</mo><msup><mi>y</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup><mo>=</mo><mi>y</mi></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mrow></mrow></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mrow><mrow></mrow><msup><mi>E</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>c</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>γ</mi><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><mi>E</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>c</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>β</mi><msub><mi>p</mi><mi>x</mi></msub><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><mo separator="true">,</mo><msubsup><mi>p</mi><mi>x</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mi>γ</mi><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><msub><mi>p</mi><mi>x</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><mi>β</mi><mi>E</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>c</mi><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><mo separator="true">,</mo><msubsup><mi>p</mi><mi>y</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>p</mi><mi>y</mi></msub></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mrow></mrow></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mrow><mrow></mrow><mtext> ここで, </mtext></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mrow></mrow></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mrow><mrow></mrow><mi>E</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>m</mi><msup><mi>c</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><msqrt><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><msup><mi>v</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><msup><mi>c</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></msqrt></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mi>m</mi><msup><mi>c</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mn>2</mn></mfrac><mi>m</mi><msup><mi>v</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mo>⋯</mo></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mrow></mrow></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mrow><mrow></mrow><msub><mi>p</mi><mi>x</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>m</mi><msub><mi>v</mi><mi>x</mi></msub></mrow><msqrt><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><msup><mi>v</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><msup><mi>c</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></msqrt></mfrac><mo separator="true">,</mo><mtext> etc. </mtext></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{aligned} & 1 / \sqrt{1-\beta^2} \text { として, } \\ & \qquad c t^{\prime}=\gamma(c t-\beta x), x^{\prime}=\gamma(x-\beta c t), y^{\prime}=y \\ & E^{\prime} / c=\gamma\left(E / c-\beta p_x\right), p_x^{\prime}=\gamma\left(p_x-\beta E / c\right), p_y^{\prime}=p_y \\ & \text { ここで, } \\ & E=\frac{m c^2}{\sqrt{1-v^2 / c^2}}=m c^2+\frac{1}{2} m v^2+\cdots \\ & p_x=\frac{m v_x}{\sqrt{1-v^2 / c^2}}, \text { etc. } \end{aligned} </annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:11.6485em;vertical-align:-5.5742em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-r"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:6.0742em;"><span style="top:-8.5586em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.4911em;"></span><span class="mord"></span></span><span style="top:-7.0586em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.4911em;"></span><span class="mord"></span></span><span style="top:-5.5586em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.4911em;"></span><span class="mord"></span></span><span style="top:-4.0355em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.4911em;"></span><span class="mord"></span></span><span style="top:-1.8844em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.4911em;"></span><span class="mord"></span></span><span style="top:0.6531em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.4911em;"></span><span class="mord"></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:5.5742em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:6.0742em;"><span style="top:-8.5586em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.4911em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mord">1/</span><span class="mord sqrt"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0067em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3.2em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.2em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:1em;"><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em;">β</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7401em;"><span style="top:-2.989em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.9667em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.2em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:1.02em;height:1.28em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="400em" height="1.28em" viewBox="0 0 400000 1296" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin slice"><path d="M263,681c0.7,0,18,39.7,52,119
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M1001 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2333em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord text"><span class="mord"> </span><span class="mord cjk_fallback">として</span><span class="mord">, </span></span></span></span><span style="top:-7.0586em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.4911em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:2em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8019em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05556em;">γ</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em;">β</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8019em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05556em;">γ</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em;">β</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8019em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span></span></span><span style="top:-5.5586em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.4911em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8019em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05556em;">γ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em;">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">E</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em;">β</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">x</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em;">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8019em;"><span style="top:-2.453em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">x</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05556em;">γ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em;">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">x</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">βE</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em;">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8019em;"><span style="top:-2.453em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3831em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2861em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-4.0355em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.4911em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mord text"><span class="mord"> </span><span class="mord cjk_fallback">ここで</span><span class="mord">, </span></span></span></span><span style="top:-1.8844em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.4911em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">E</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.4911em;"><span style="top:-2.175em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord sqrt"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.935em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3.2em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.2em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:1em;"><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7401em;"><span style="top:-2.989em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7401em;"><span style="top:-2.989em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.895em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.2em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:1.02em;height:1.28em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="400em" height="1.28em" viewBox="0 0 400000 1296" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin slice"><path 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M1001 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.305em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.13em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3214em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">2</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="minner">⋯</span></span></span><span style="top:0.6531em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.4911em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">x</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.1076em;"><span style="top:-2.175em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord sqrt"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.935em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3.2em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.2em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:1em;"><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7401em;"><span style="top:-2.989em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7401em;"><span style="top:-2.989em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.895em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.2em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:1.02em;height:1.28em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="400em" height="1.28em" viewBox="0 0 400000 1296" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin slice"><path 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M1001 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.305em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0359em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">x</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.13em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord text"><span class="mord"> etc. </span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:5.5742em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p></li></ol><h3 id="_13-2-4-元ベクトルの長" tabindex="-1">13.2: 4 元ベクトルの長 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_13-2-4-元ベクトルの長" aria-label="Permalink to "13.2: 4 元ベクトルの長""></a></h3><ol start="2"><li>4 元ベクトルの長さ (スカラー量であり Lorentz 変換 で不変）:<p class="katex-block"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mtable rowspacing="0.25em" columnalign="right left" columnspacing="0em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><msup><mi>s</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mrow><mrow></mrow><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>c</mi><mi>t</mi><msup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>−</mo><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>−</mo><msup><mi>y</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>−</mo><msup><mi>z</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>c</mi><msup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mrow><mrow></mrow><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>E</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>c</mi><msup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>−</mo><msubsup><mi>p</mi><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mo>−</mo><msubsup><mi>p</mi><mi>y</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mo>−</mo><msubsup><mi>p</mi><mi>z</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{aligned} s^2 & =(c t)^2-x^2-y^2-z^2 \\ (m c)^2 & =(E / c)^2-p_x^2-p_y^2-p_z^2 \end{aligned} </annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3.0713em;vertical-align:-1.2857em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-r"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.7857em;"><span style="top:-3.9216em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.3974em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mclose"><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.2857em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.7857em;"><span style="top:-3.9216em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mclose"><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.04398em;">z</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.3974em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">E</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mclose"><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641em;"><span style="top:-2.453em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">x</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641em;"><span style="top:-2.453em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3831em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641em;"><span style="top:-2.453em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.04398em;">z</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.2857em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p></li></ol><h3 id="_13-3-速度の加算" tabindex="-1">13.3: 速度の加算 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_13-3-速度の加算" aria-label="Permalink to "13.3: 速度の加算""></a></h3><ol start="3"><li>速度の加算 :<p class="katex-block"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>v</mi><mi>x</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><msubsup><mi>v</mi><mi>x</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mo>+</mo><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mi>v</mi><mi>x</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mi>V</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><msup><mi>c</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo separator="true">,</mo><msub><mi>v</mi><mi>y</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><msubsup><mi>v</mi><mi>y</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mrow><mi>γ</mi><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mi>v</mi><mi>x</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mi>V</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><msup><mi>c</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow></mrow></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">v_x=\frac{v_x^{\prime}+V}{1+v_x^{\prime} V / c^2}, v_y=\frac{v_y^{\prime}}{\gamma\left(1+v_x^{\prime} V / c^2\right)} </annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5806em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0359em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">x</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.3649em;vertical-align:-0.936em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.4289em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6779em;"><span style="top:-2.453em;margin-left:-0.0359em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">x</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.989em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.22222em;">V</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7401em;"><span style="top:-2.989em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7519em;"><span style="top:-2.453em;margin-left:-0.0359em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">x</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.22222em;">V</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.936em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0359em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2861em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.461em;vertical-align:-0.936em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.525em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05556em;">γ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em;">(</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6779em;"><span style="top:-2.453em;margin-left:-0.0359em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">x</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.989em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.22222em;">V</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7401em;"><span style="top:-2.989em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em;">)</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.7731em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7519em;"><span style="top:-2.453em;margin-left:-0.0359em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3831em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.936em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></p></li></ol><h3 id="_13-4-doppler-効果" tabindex="-1">13.4: Doppler 効果 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_13-4-doppler-効果" aria-label="Permalink to "13.4: Doppler 効果""></a></h3><ol start="4"><li>Doppler 効果 :<p class="katex-block"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mi>ν</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>γ</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mi>β</mi><mi>cos</mi><mo></mo><mi>θ</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><msub><mi>ν</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\nu=\gamma(1+\beta \cos \theta) \nu_0 </annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.06366em;">ν</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05556em;">γ</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em;">β</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mop">cos</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">θ</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.06366em;">ν</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3011em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0637em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p></li></ol><h3 id="_13-5-minkowski-空間" tabindex="-1">13.5: Minkowski 空間 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_13-5-minkowski-空間" aria-label="Permalink to "13.5: Minkowski 空間""></a></h3><ol start="5"><li>Minkowski 空間は, 時間が虚数（ <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>t</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(t i c t)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span> であれば Euclid 空間にすることができる. 回転角 <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>φ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\varphi</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">φ</span></span></span></span> に対して, <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>tan</mi><mo></mo><mi>φ</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>v</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\tan \varphi=v / i c</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8095em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mop">tan</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">φ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span></span></span></span> となり, <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>sin</mi><mo></mo><mi>φ</mi><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>cos</mi><mo></mo><mi>φ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\sin \varphi, \cos \varphi</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8623em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mop">sin</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">φ</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mop">cos</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">φ</span></span></span></span> を <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>tan</mi><mo></mo><mi>φ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\tan \varphi</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8095em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mop">tan</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">φ</span></span></span></span> で表して Euclid 幾何学の公式を適用する (Lorentz 変換).</li></ol><h3 id="_13-6-長さの縮み" tabindex="-1">13.6: 長さの縮み <a class="header-anchor" href="#_13-6-長さの縮み" aria-label="Permalink to "13.6: 長さの縮み""></a></h3><ol start="6"><li>長さの縮み : <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>l</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>l</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>γ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">l^{\prime}=l_0 / \gamma</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7519em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7519em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3011em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0197em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05556em;">γ</span></span></span></span>.</li></ol><h3 id="_13-7-時間の遅れ" tabindex="-1">13.7: 時間の遅れ <a class="header-anchor" href="#_13-7-時間の遅れ" aria-label="Permalink to "13.7: 時間の遅れ""></a></h3><ol start="7"><li>時間の遅れ: <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>t</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>t</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mi>γ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">t^{\prime}=t_0 \gamma</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7519em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7519em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8095em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3011em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05556em;">γ</span></span></span></span>.</li></ol><h3 id="_13-8-同時刻の相対性" tabindex="-1">13.8: 同時刻の相対性 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_13-8-同時刻の相対性" aria-label="Permalink to "13.8: 同時刻の相対性""></a></h3><ol start="8"><li>同時刻の相対性 : <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>−</mo><mi>γ</mi><mi>v</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>x</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><msup><mi>c</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Delta t=-\gamma v \Delta x / c^2</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0641em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05556em;">γ</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>.</li></ol><h3 id="_13-9-f-dp-dt" tabindex="-1">13.9: F=dp/dt <a class="header-anchor" href="#_13-9-f-dp-dt" aria-label="Permalink to "13.9: F=dp/dt""></a></h3><ol start="9"><li><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi><mi>t</mi><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>γ</mi><mi>m</mi><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">v</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\boldsymbol{F}=\mathrm{d} \boldsymbol{p} / \mathrm{d} t\left(=\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d} t}(\gamma m \boldsymbol{v})\right)(</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6861em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord boldsymbol" style="margin-right:0.15972em;">F</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.2301em;vertical-align:-0.35em;"></span><span class="mord mathrm">d</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord boldsymbol">p</span></span></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathrm">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em;"><span class="delimsizing size1">(</span></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8801em;"><span style="top:-2.655em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathrm mtight">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.394em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathrm mtight">d</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">γm</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord boldsymbol" style="margin-right:0.03704em;">v</span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em;"><span class="delimsizing size1">)</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span></span></span></span> ここでの <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>γ</mi><mo>=</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\gamma=</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05556em;">γ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span></span></span></span> <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>1</mn><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><msqrt><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><msup><mi>v</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><msup><mi>c</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></msqrt><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\left.1 / \sqrt{1-v^2 / c^2}\right)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.8em;vertical-align:-0.65em;"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mord">1/</span><span class="mord sqrt"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.935em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3.2em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.2em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:1em;"><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7401em;"><span style="top:-2.989em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7401em;"><span style="top:-2.989em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.895em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.2em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:1.02em;height:1.28em;"><svg 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M1001 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.305em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em;"><span class="delimsizing size2">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></li></ol><h3 id="_13-10-超相対論的極限" tabindex="-1">13.10: 超相対論的極限 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_13-10-超相対論的極限" aria-label="Permalink to "13.10: 超相対論的極限""></a></h3><ol start="10"><li>超相対論的極限 <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo>:</mo><mi>v</mi><mo>≈</mo><mi>c</mi><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>p</mi><mo>≈</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>c</mi><mo separator="true">,</mo><msqrt><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><mi>v</mi><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><msup><mi>c</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></msqrt><mo>≈</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">: v \approx c, p \approx m c, \sqrt{1-v 1-/ 1-c^2} \approx</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4831em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">≈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6776em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">≈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.24em;vertical-align:-0.305em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord sqrt"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.935em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3.2em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.2em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:1em;"><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord">/1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7401em;"><span style="top:-2.989em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.895em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.2em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:1.02em;height:1.28em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="400em" height="1.28em" viewBox="0 0 400000 1296" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin slice"><path d="M263,681c0.7,0,18,39.7,52,119
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M1001 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.305em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">≈</span></span></span></span> <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msqrt><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><mi>v</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>c</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msqrt></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\sqrt{2(1-v / c)}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.24em;vertical-align:-0.305em;"></span><span class="mord sqrt"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.935em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3.2em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.2em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:1em;"><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.895em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.2em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:1.02em;height:1.28em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="400em" height="1.28em" viewBox="0 0 400000 1296" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin slice"><path d="M263,681c0.7,0,18,39.7,52,119
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M1001 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.305em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li></ol><h3 id="_13-11-電場と磁場の-lorentz-変換" tabindex="-1">13.11: 電場と磁場の Lorentz 変換 <!----> <a class="header-anchor" href="#_13-11-電場と磁場の-lorentz-変換" aria-label="Permalink to "13.11: 電場と磁場の Lorentz 変換 <Badge type="tip" text="supplemental" />""></a></h3><ol start="11"><li>電場と磁場の Lorentz 変換 : <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">E</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">∥</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mo>=</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">E</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">∥</mi></msub><mo separator="true">,</mo><msubsup><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">B</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">∥</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mo>=</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">B</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">∥</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\boldsymbol{E}_{\|}^{\prime}=\boldsymbol{E}_{\|}, \boldsymbol{B}_{\|}^{\prime}=\boldsymbol{B}_{\|}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.2499em;vertical-align:-0.422em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord boldsymbol" style="margin-right:0.05451em;">E</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8279em;"><span style="top:-2.453em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">∥</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.139em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.422em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.2499em;vertical-align:-0.422em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord boldsymbol" style="margin-right:0.05451em;">E</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em;"><span style="top:-2.5198em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">∥</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3552em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord boldsymbol" style="margin-right:0.04835em;">B</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8279em;"><span style="top:-2.453em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">∥</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.139em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.422em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0413em;vertical-align:-0.3552em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord boldsymbol" style="margin-right:0.04835em;">B</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em;"><span style="top:-2.5198em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">∥</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3552em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>,<p class="katex-block"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mtable rowspacing="0.25em" columnalign="center" columnspacing="0em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mrow><msubsup><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">E</mi><mo lspace="0em" rspace="0em">⊥</mo><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>c</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>γ</mi><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">E</mi><mo lspace="0em" rspace="0em">⊥</mo></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>c</mi><mo>+</mo><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">v</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>c</mi><mo>×</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">B</mi><mo lspace="0em" rspace="0em">⊥</mo></msub><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow><mo separator="true">,</mo></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mrow><msubsup><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">B</mi><mo lspace="0em" rspace="0em">⊥</mo><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mi>γ</mi><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">B</mi><mo lspace="0em" rspace="0em">⊥</mo></msub><mo>−</mo><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">v</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>c</mi><mo>×</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">E</mi><mo lspace="0em" rspace="0em">⊥</mo></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>c</mi><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{gathered} \boldsymbol{E}_{\perp}^{\prime} / c=\gamma\left(\boldsymbol{E}_{\perp} / c+\boldsymbol{v} / c \times \boldsymbol{B}_{\perp}\right), \\ \boldsymbol{B}_{\perp}^{\prime}=\gamma\left(\boldsymbol{B}_{\perp}-\boldsymbol{v} / c \times \boldsymbol{E}_{\perp} / c\right) \end{gathered} </annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3em;vertical-align:-1.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.75em;"><span style="top:-3.91em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord boldsymbol" style="margin-right:0.05451em;">E</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8279em;"><span style="top:-2.453em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mrel mtight">⊥</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.139em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05556em;">γ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em;">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord boldsymbol" style="margin-right:0.05451em;">E</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mrel mtight">⊥</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord boldsymbol" style="margin-right:0.03704em;">v</span></span></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">×</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord boldsymbol" style="margin-right:0.04835em;">B</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mrel mtight">⊥</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em;">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mpunct">,</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.41em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord boldsymbol" style="margin-right:0.04835em;">B</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8279em;"><span style="top:-2.453em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mrel mtight">⊥</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.139em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05556em;">γ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em;">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord boldsymbol" style="margin-right:0.04835em;">B</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mrel mtight">⊥</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord boldsymbol" style="margin-right:0.03704em;">v</span></span></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">×</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord boldsymbol" style="margin-right:0.05451em;">E</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mrel mtight">⊥</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top:0em;">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.25em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p></li></ol></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-4885b148 data-v-10ef07da><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><!----><!--]--><!--]--><!--]--><!--]--><div class="edit-info" data-v-10ef07da><div class="edit-link" data-v-10ef07da><a class="VPLink link vp-external-link-icon no-icon edit-link-button" href="https://github.com/andatoshiki/toshiki-notebook/edit/master/docs/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/13.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" data-v-10ef07da><!--[--><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="edit-link-icon" aria-label="edit icon" data-v-10ef07da><path 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