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top</button><!----></div></div><aside class="VPSidebar" data-v-83f63849 data-v-0e47c5d5><div class="curtain" data-v-0e47c5d5></div><nav class="nav" id="VPSidebarNav" aria-labelledby="sidebar-aria-label" tabindex="-1" data-v-0e47c5d5><span class="visually-hidden" id="sidebar-aria-label" data-v-0e47c5d5> Sidebar Navigation </span><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><div class="group" data-v-0e47c5d5><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible has-active" data-v-0e47c5d5 data-v-0cc45b6b><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-0cc45b6b><div class="indicator" data-v-0cc45b6b></div><h2 class="text" data-v-0cc45b6b>IPhO Formulas: JP Ver.</h2><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-0cc45b6b><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="caret-icon" data-v-0cc45b6b><path 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data-v-0cc45b6b><div class="item" data-v-0cc45b6b><div class="indicator" data-v-0cc45b6b></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/3" data-v-0cc45b6b data-v-075865b7><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-0cc45b6b>3: 運動学</p><!--]--><!----></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-0cc45b6b data-v-0cc45b6b><div class="item" data-v-0cc45b6b><div class="indicator" data-v-0cc45b6b></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/4" data-v-0cc45b6b data-v-075865b7><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-0cc45b6b>4: 力学</p><!--]--><!----></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-0cc45b6b data-v-0cc45b6b><div class="item" data-v-0cc45b6b><div class="indicator" data-v-0cc45b6b></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/5" data-v-0cc45b6b data-v-075865b7><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-0cc45b6b>5: 振動と波</p><!--]--><!----></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link is-active has-active" data-v-0cc45b6b data-v-0cc45b6b><div class="item" data-v-0cc45b6b><div class="indicator" data-v-0cc45b6b></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/6" data-v-0cc45b6b data-v-075865b7><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-0cc45b6b>6: 幾何光学，測光</p><!--]--><!----></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-0cc45b6b data-v-0cc45b6b><div class="item" data-v-0cc45b6b><div class="indicator" data-v-0cc45b6b></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/7" data-v-0cc45b6b data-v-075865b7><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-0cc45b6b>7: 波動光学</p><!--]--><!----></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-0cc45b6b data-v-0cc45b6b><div class="item" data-v-0cc45b6b><div class="indicator" data-v-0cc45b6b></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/8" data-v-0cc45b6b data-v-075865b7><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-0cc45b6b>8: 電気回路</p><!--]--><!----></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-0cc45b6b data-v-0cc45b6b><div class="item" data-v-0cc45b6b><div class="indicator" data-v-0cc45b6b></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/9" data-v-0cc45b6b data-v-075865b7><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-0cc45b6b>9: 電磁気学</p><!--]--><!----></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-0cc45b6b data-v-0cc45b6b><div class="item" data-v-0cc45b6b><div class="indicator" data-v-0cc45b6b></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/10" data-v-0cc45b6b data-v-075865b7><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-0cc45b6b>10: 熱力</p><!--]--><!----></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-0cc45b6b data-v-0cc45b6b><div class="item" data-v-0cc45b6b><div 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相対性理論</p><!--]--><!----></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--></nav></aside><div class="VPContent has-sidebar" id="VPContent" data-v-83f63849 data-v-bb292142><div class="VPDoc has-sidebar has-aside" data-v-bb292142 data-v-6c4a7022><!--[--><!--]--><div class="container" data-v-6c4a7022><div class="aside" data-v-6c4a7022><div class="aside-curtain" data-v-6c4a7022></div><div class="aside-container" data-v-6c4a7022><div class="aside-content" data-v-6c4a7022><div class="VPDocAside" data-v-6c4a7022 data-v-f77a9b1a><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--><div class="VPDocAsideOutline" data-v-f77a9b1a data-v-ea95c6a2><div class="content" data-v-ea95c6a2><div class="outline-marker" data-v-ea95c6a2></div><div class="outline-title" data-v-ea95c6a2>TOC</div><nav aria-labelledby="doc-outline-aria-label" data-v-ea95c6a2><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-outline-aria-label" data-v-ea95c6a2> Table of Contents for current page </span><ul class="root" 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class="vp-doc _academic_physics_ipho-formulas-jpn_6" data-v-6c4a7022><div><h1 id="formulas-for-ipho-日本語版-section-6" tabindex="-1">Formulas for IPhO 日本語版: Section 6 <a class="header-anchor" href="#formulas-for-ipho-日本語版-section-6" aria-label="Permalink to "Formulas for IPhO 日本語版: Section 6""></a></h1><h2 id="_6-幾何光学-測光" tabindex="-1">6: 幾何光学，測光 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-幾何光学-測光" aria-label="Permalink to "6: 幾何光学，測光""></a></h2><h3 id="_6-1-fermat-原理" tabindex="-1">6.1: Fermat 原理 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-1-fermat-原理" aria-label="Permalink to "6.1: Fermat 原理""></a></h3><ol><li>Fermat の原理 : 点 <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span></span></span></span> から <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">B</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span></span></span></span> への波の経路は波の移動 時間が最も短いもの.</li></ol><h3 id="_6-2-snell-法則" tabindex="-1">6.2: Snell 法則 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-2-snell-法則" aria-label="Permalink to "6.2: Snell 法則""></a></h3><ol start="2"><li>Snell の法則 :</li></ol><p class="katex-block"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mi>sin</mi><mo></mo><msub><mi>α</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>sin</mi><mo></mo><msub><mi>α</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><msub><mi>n</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>v</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><msub><mi>v</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\sin \alpha_1 / \sin \alpha_2=n_2 / n_1=v_1 / v_2 . </annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mop">sin</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3011em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mop">sin</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3011em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3011em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3011em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3011em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0359em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3011em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0359em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">.</span></span></span></span></span></p><h3 id="_6-3-屈折率" tabindex="-1">6.3: 屈折率 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-3-屈折率" aria-label="Permalink to "6.3: 屈折率""></a></h3><ol start="3"><li>屈折率が連続的に変化するならば，媒質を屈折率が <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span></span></span></span> で一定のいくつかの仮想的な層に分けて Snell の 法則を適用する. 光線は屈折率一定の層に沿って進む こともでき,もし全反射の条件をわずかに満たせば, <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>n</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup><mo>=</mo><mi>n</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>r</mi><mspace width="1em"></mspace><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>r</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n^{\prime}=n / r \quad(r</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7519em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7519em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:1em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span></span></span></span> は曲率半径 <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></li></ol><h3 id="_6-4-屈折率な座標" tabindex="-1">6.4: 屈折率な座標 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-4-屈折率な座標" aria-label="Permalink to "6.4: 屈折率な座標""></a></h3><ol start="4"><li>屈折率が <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">z</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathrm{z}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathrm">z</span></span></span></span> 座標にのみ依存するならば, 光子の運動量 <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>p</mi><mi>x</mi></msub><mo separator="true">,</mo><msub><mi>p</mi><mi>y</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p_x, p_y</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7167em;vertical-align:-0.2861em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">x</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2861em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> とエネルギーは保存される:</li></ol><p class="katex-block"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>k</mi><mi>x</mi></msub><mo separator="true">,</mo><msub><mi>k</mi><mi>y</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mtext> const., </mtext><mi mathvariant="normal">∣</mi><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">k</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">∣</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mtext> const. </mtext></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">k_x, k_y=\text { const., }|\boldsymbol{k}| / n=\text { const. } </annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.9805em;vertical-align:-0.2861em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03148em;">k</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0315em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">x</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03148em;">k</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0315em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2861em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord text"><span class="mord"> const., </span></span><span class="mord">∣</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord boldsymbol" style="margin-right:0.01852em;">k</span></span></span><span class="mord">∣/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6151em;"></span><span class="mord text"><span class="mord"> const. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p><h3 id="_6-5-薄いレンズの式" tabindex="-1">6.5:薄いレンズの式 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-5-薄いレンズの式" aria-label="Permalink to "6.5:薄いレンズの式""></a></h3><ol start="6"><li>薄いレンズの式（符号に注意する）：</li></ol><p class="katex-block"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mn>1</mn><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>b</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>f</mi><mo>≡</mo><mi>D</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">1 / a+1 / b=1 / f \equiv D </annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">1/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">1/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">b</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">1/</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">≡</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">D</span></span></span></span></span></p><h3 id="_6-6-newton-の式" tabindex="-1">6.6: Newton の式 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-6-newton-の式" aria-label="Permalink to "6.6: Newton の式""></a></h3><ol start="6"><li>Newton の式 : 物体側焦点から物体までの距離を <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x_1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5806em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3011em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, 像側焦点から像までの距離を <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x_2</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5806em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3011em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> とすると, <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><msup><mi>f</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x_1 x_2=f^2</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5806em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3011em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3011em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0085em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10764em;">f</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li></ol><h3 id="_6-7-像の位置を求める視差法" tabindex="-1">6.7: 像の位置を求める視差法 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-7-像の位置を求める視差法" aria-label="Permalink to "6.7: 像の位置を求める視差法""></a></h3><ol start="7"><li>像の位置を求める視差法 : 目の位置と垂直に動かした ときに，鉛筆の先が像に対してずれないような位置を 探す.</li></ol><h3 id="_6-8-レンズを通る光線の経路の幾何学的な描き方" tabindex="-1">6.8: レンズを通る光線の経路の幾何学的な描き方 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-8-レンズを通る光線の経路の幾何学的な描き方" aria-label="Permalink to "6.8: レンズを通る光線の経路の幾何学的な描き方""></a></h3><ol start="8"><li>レンズを通る光線の経路の幾何学的な描き方：a) レン ズの中心を通る光線は屈折しない。b) 光軸に平行な光 線は焦点を通る，c) 屈折後, 初めに平行だった光線どうしは焦点面（焦点を通り光軸に垂直な平面）上で集 まる．d) 平面の像は平面であり，この 2 つの平面はレ ンズの平面上で交わる．</li></ol><h3 id="_6-9-光束" tabindex="-1">6.9: 光束 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-9-光束" aria-label="Permalink to "6.9: 光束""></a></h3><ol start="9"><li>光束 <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Phi</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord">Φ</span></span></span></span> [単位: lumen <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">lm</mi><mo></mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(\operatorname{lm})</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mop"><span class="mord mathrm">lm</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span>] は, 光のエネルギー を示し, 眼の感度に応じて重み付けされる. 光度 [candela (cd)]は（光源から出る）立体角あたりの 光束で, <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>I</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">I=\Phi / \Omega</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em;">I</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">Φ/Ω</span></span></span></span>. 照度 <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">lux</mi><mo></mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi></mrow><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">]</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">[\operatorname{lux}(\mathrm{lx})]</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mop"><span class="mord mathrm">lux</span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathrm">lx</span></span><span class="mclose">)]</span></span></span></span> は（面に入射する） 面積あたりの光束で, <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>E</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>S</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">E=\Phi / S</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">E</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">Φ/</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span></span></span></span>.</li></ol><h3 id="_6-10-gauss-定理" tabindex="-1">6.10: Gauss 定理 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-10-gauss-定理" aria-label="Permalink to "6.10: Gauss 定理""></a></h3><ol start="10"><li>光束についての Gauss の定理 : 光度 <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>I</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">I_i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em;">I</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3117em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0785em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> の点光源を囲 む閉曲面を通って外に出る光束は, <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>4</mn><mi>π</mi><mo>∑</mo><msub><mi>I</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Phi=4 \pi \sum I_i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord">Φ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">4</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">π</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mop op-symbol small-op" style="position:relative;top:0em;">∑</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em;">I</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3117em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0785em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. 光 源が 1 つで距離が <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">r</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span></span></span></span> のとき <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>E</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>I</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><msup><mi>r</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">E=I / r^2</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">E</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0641em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em;">I</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li></ol><h3 id="_6-11-実験のヒント" tabindex="-1">6.11: 実験のヒント <a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-11-実験のヒント" aria-label="Permalink to "6.11: 実験のヒント""></a></h3><ol start="11"><li>実験のヒント：紙についた油污れが周囲の紙と同じ明 るさならば，その紙は両面から同じように照らされて いる.</li></ol></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-6c4a7022 data-v-b5edbda4><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><!----><!--]--><!--]--><!--]--><!--]--><div class="edit-info" data-v-b5edbda4><div class="edit-link" data-v-b5edbda4><a class="VPLink link edit-link-button" href="https://github.com/andatoshiki/toshiki-notebook/edit/master/docs/academic/physics/ipho-formulas-jpn/6.md" target="_blank" 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