andatoshiki/toshiki-notebook
1
0
Fork 0
mirror of https://github.com/andatoshiki/toshiki-notebook.git synced 2026-06-06 09:16:45 +00:00
Code Issues Actions Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity

doc(cis105): add lecture notes documentation for cis105 course for quick reference devided in different chapters

Browse Source
This commit is contained in:
Anda Toshiki 2024-02-01 21:58:19 -07:00
parent 360f415db4
commit f1e5059fce
5 changed files with 337 additions and 0 deletions
Show Stats Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files

117
docs/academic/cis105/cis105-l1-lecture-note.md Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
# CIS105: Computer Applications & Information Systems Lec. 1.
## Chapter 1: Everything Changes
### 1.1: The Historic Timelines
- 1903: Wright bros, invented the airplane.
- 1969: Armstrong walks on the moon.
- 2004: SpaceX Falcon 9 lands upright.
- 2015: Electreic plane crosses English Channel
- 20xx: Google Live goes online.
- Boeing 777, commercial airline airplanes normally cost approximately $\$ 200,000,000,000$ for a singular aircraft.
### 1.2: Analytical Engne
A mechanical computing device, was a special-purpose machine designed to tabulate logarithms and trigonometric functions by evaluating finite differences to create approximating polynomials.
### 1.3: Ada Lovelace
It tok the powerful insights of a mathematicial named Ada Lovelace to realize the true potentilal of the analytical engine. She was the first person to recognize that the machine could be used for more than pure calculations. She developed the first algorithm for the engine. It was the very first example of **computer programming**.
### 1.4: Information Technology is for People
- **Information technology (IT)**: the study, design, development, implementation, support, and management of computer-baed information systems, particularly software hardware.
- **People are the most important component in an information system** because **it is only a human who can conceive information from data**. Computer system is only a machinery device and human is expected to operate towards aspects on **how to perform**, **what to perform**, **what to outcome**.
- **End-users (people)** are what make computers start.
- **Attitude** will be the defining factor in your success when it comes to computer competency.
- **Best practice**: a management process, technique, or method that is most effective at arriving at desired outcome or better outcome than any other process, technique, or method.
- **The best and effective way of practice is through persistent and consistent training and reviewing.**
### 1.5: Moore's Law
- **Gordon Moore**: One of the founding fathers of the Intel.
- **Computer power doubles every eighteen months**.
- This essentially means that, if a business purchases a computer today, in eighteen months there will be a computer available that is twice as fast.
- Being a Leader vs. Follower controversy
### 1.6: The Cuff Smartwatch?
US rapper/producer/entrepreneur Will.i.Am announced his foray into the world of wearable tech in 2014, proclaiming to have created a device so life-changing and futuristic it'd blow our archaic mind.
- [Wikipedia smartwatch reference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartwatch)
### 1.7: Types of Computer
- **Mainframe**: Banks, Tech Companies
- **Midrange**: Small to Mid-sized business, not as powerful.
- **Microcomputer**: Laptops, **Desktops**, **Tablet** & Handled.
### 1.8: What is System Software?
- System software vs. Operating system
- System software vs. Application software
- Operating system: Manages resources. Responsible for reading and writing data.
- Graphical User Interface (GUI) & Command line interface.
- The level of an operational system layers by interface visibility.
- ```mermaid
graph LR;
a[GUI] --> b[Application software];
b --> c[Operating system];
c --> d[System software];
d --> e[CLI]
```
### 1.9: Operating Systems/Platforms
- **A collection of computer programs that work together to manage hardware and software to ensure that they are working properly.**
- Memory allocation
- Administer input and output of information
- File management
- **Platform (OS)**: Microsoft Windows, macOS, iOS, Linux, UNIX.
### 2.0: Processes/Multitasking
- **Process**: Any task a computer performs.
- **Multitasking**: the execution of multiple processes over a certain period of time.
### 2.1: Memory/Disk management
- **Operating systems**: Cache, random access memory (ram), registers, virtual memory.
- **Primary storage vs. Secondary Storage**: RAM, hard drive, file allocation table (FAT).
- The table of contents of a hard drive, or the file system directory structure of a system.
> - Primary storage is accessed randomly which indicating the storage is only temporary without preserved.
>
> - Secondary storage is the permanent storage on a specific device while user information is stored on the machine within the physical drive storage.
### 2.2: Business Computing Software
- Software suite: Spreadsheets, word processors, database, and presentation software (aka application suite or productivity suite).
- Sharing information between these applications is te mot important aspect of a software suite.
- Hot keys/shortcuts: <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>+ <kbd>C</kbd> & <kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>V</kbd> on Windows; <kbd>Command</kbd>+ <kbd>C</kbd> & <kbd>Command</kbd> + <kbd>V</kbd> on Windows.
- **Object linking and embedding (OLE) (Static)**
- **In static linking, the system linker copies the dependencies into the final executable.** At the time of linking an external library, the linker finds all dependencies that are defined in that library. And it replaces them with the corresponding functions from the library to resolve dependencies in our code. Afterward, the linker generates the final executable file that we can execute on the underlying machine.
For example, let’s say our application calls the function *print()* from an external library named *Library.* The assembler generates the object file with all native symbols resolved to their memory addresses. The external reference *print()* cannot be resolved. The linker loads this library and finds the definition of *print()* in it. Then, it maps to *print()* to a memory location and thus resolves the dependency:
![Static Linking](https://www.baeldung.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/10/Static-Linking.jpg)
**So, a statically linked file contains our program’s code as well as the code of all the libraries it invokes**. Since we copy complete libraries, we need space on both the disk and in the main memory because the resulting file may be very large.
- **Object linking (Dynamic)**
- **In dynamic linking, we copy the names of the external libraries into our final executable as unresolved symbols. We do the actual linking of these unresolved symbols only at runtime.** How? When encountering an unresolved symbol, we query RAM for it. If the corresponding library isn’t loaded, the operating system loads it in the memory. So, **the operating system performs dynamic linking for us by resolving each external symbol on the first muss.** As a result, we load only a single copy of a library in memory and all processes use it.

65
docs/academic/cis105/cis105-l2-lecture-note.md Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
# CIS105: Computer Applications & Information Systems Lect. 2
## Chapter 2: Application Software
- An application program is a computer program designed to carry out a specific task other than one relating to the operation of the computer itself.
### 2.1: Word Processing Software
- For creating, updating and editing documents
- Can create a Table of Contents
- Saved to secondary memory
- Often underestimated
- **Microsoft Word**: Most popular word processor in the world
- **Adobe Acrobat**: Most portable document format (pdf)
- Platform Neutral
- Corel WordPerfect: most dominant in early 80s (still used in some industries like law)
- Created and Brigham Young university
### 2.2: Spreadsheets
**Microsoft Excel**: Most popular spreadsheet application (provides **"what-if"** analysis)
- Interface of information in a grid form
- Separated by **columns** and **rows**
- Intersection of both called a cell
- Often for financial calculations
- Supports graphing
- Replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as industry standard in 1993
### 2.3: Database Software
Database: **The heavy-lifting application**
- Well thought out collection of files
- Consists of **records** (**rows**)
- Separated by **fields** (**columns**)
- Can be queried
- Often called a Database Management System or simply referred as **DBMS**
- One-to-many relationship
### 2.4: Presentation Software
- Displays information
- Often a slide show and on-screen
- Easy to build
- Popularized by Business Intelligence
- Allows users to:
- Edit, update, insert, and delete text
- Include graphics, video, and hypertext
### 2.5: Browser Software
- User interface **software** that allows the user to display web pages found on the World Wide Web
- Browsers display **hyperlinks** that are clickable navigation elements
- Microsoft Edge, Google Chroe, Mozilla Firefox, and Apple's Safari
- The first browser was called **WorldWideWeb** (no spaces)
- **Sir Tim Berners-Lee** was the inventor of the first web browser
### 2.6: Networks
- A computer network is **two or more computers connected together** for resource sharing and communication.
- Resources: Computer files, folder, software
- **Peripheral hardware**: Printers, scanners, webcam, etc.
The advantages of a computer network over a stand-alone computer are so significant that business cannot compete effectively in the marketplace without a network of some kind, even if the business is a sole proprietorship.

90
docs/academic/cis105/cis105-l3-lecture-note.md Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
# CIS105: Computer Applications & Information Systems Lect. 3
## Chapter 3: Computer Hardware
### 3.1: Technical Terminologies
- **System Unit**: Main body of the computer that contains a motherboard.
- **Motherboard** (AKA Circuit Board): Main component of a system unit; a compleex array of electronics that connect and help different components of the computer communicate with each other.
- PC: Motherboards, Mac; Logic Boards
- **Chassis** (AKA Case or Box): Case to enclose the main components of a computer
- **Microprocessor**: The brains of the computer
- **Central processing unit (CPU)**: Interprets program instructions and processes data by performing arithmetic and logical operations.
### 3.2: Central Processing Unit (CPU)
- Speed is directly, but not solely, related to the CPU
- Measured in Clock Rate
- The number of cycles per second, that a computer can perform its most basic task
- RSIC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer): Many chips encased into one chip
- Bus Lines; Pathways that transfer data and power between components inside of a computer.
| Architecture Diagram of CPU | Actual CPU Image |
| ------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
| ![Architecture of the central processing unit (CPU) - Computer ...](https://computersciencewiki.org/images/1/1a/Cpu_diagram.png) | ![What Is a CPU? a Guide to Your Computer's 'Brain'](https://i.insider.com/60402d8eb46d720018b04c1f?width=700) |
### 3.3 Power Supply Unit (PSU)
- Supplies electricity
- Converts 100-120 volts or 220-240 volts of **alternating current (AC)** to a lower voltage direct current (DC) that can be used by the internal components of the system unit
- Different currents used in different parts of the world.
### 3.4: Primary and Secondary Storage
- **Primary**: The workbench
- Random Access Memory (RAM): Primary storage
- **Secondary**: The storage for all your tools and supplies
- Hard Drive: Secondary storage
- ROM Chips (Read-Only Memory): Preprogrammed chips that serve specialized internal tasks. No human intervention
- AKA Firmware
#### 3.4.1: Secondary Storage Contd.
- Internal vs. External Storage
- Hard Drivers vs. Solid State Drivers (SSDs)
- Impractical for a computer to be stand-alone
- Important to consider business needs
- Bad IT can make or break a business
### 3.5: Binary Number System
- Computer only understands one language: Machine code or machine language
- 1 or 0 (on or off)
- 1s or 0s are referred to as bits (short for binary digits)
- 8 bits become a byte
- Byte 8 bits
- Kilob
- American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII): The coding scheme that most microcomputer use to represent bytes.
- | Name | Equal To | Size (In Bytes) |
| --------- | ----------------- | ----------------------------------------- |
| Bit | 1 Bit | 1/8 |
| Nibble | 4 Bits | 1/2 (rare) |
| Byte | 8 Bits | 1 |
| Kilobyte | 1024 Bytes | 1024 |
| Megabyte | 1, 024 Kilobytes | 1, 048, 576 |
| Gigabyte | 1, 024 Megabytes | 1, 073, 741, 824 |
| Terrabyte | 1, 024 Gigabytes | 1, 099, 511, 627, 776 |
| Petabyte | 1, 024 Terabytes | 1, 125, 899, 906, 842, 624 |
| Exabyte | 1, 024 Petabytes | 1, 152, 921, 504, 606, 846, 976 |
| Zettabyte | 1, 024 Exabytes | 1, 180, 591, 620, 717, 411, 303, 424 |
| Yottabyte | 1, 024 Zettabytes | 1, 208, 925, 819, 614, 629, 174, 706, 176 |
### 3.6: Peripheral Devices
- Input v. Output
- Input device: keywords, mice, touchpad, stylus, speakers, microphone, digital camera, etc/
- Optical Character Recognition (OCR): Converting printed text to digital text
- Radio Frequency Identification (RFID): An input mechanism that can be used to label a product for identification and have the product's information transmitted through radio waves.
### 3.7: Output Devices Contd.
- Monitor: A series of transistors that translate machine code into text and images./
- Pixels: A single dot on a graphic or text image
- Resolution: The number of pixels inside a defined dimension on a monitor, commonly referred to as **dots per inch (dpi).**
- Resolution is the most important feature of a monitor.

59
docs/academic/cis105/cis105-l4-lecture-note.md Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
# CIS105: Computer Applications & Information Systems Lect. 3
## Chapter 4: Formulas and Functions
### 4.1: References and Calculations
- Calculations
- **Add (`+`), Subtract (`-`), Multiply (`*`), Divide (`/`)**
- Add: `A1+A2`
- Subtract: `A1-A2`
- Multiply: `A1*A2`
- Divide: `A1/A2`
- **Always end typing by pressing <kbd>Enter</kbd>**
- Al formulas start with an equals (`=`) sign
### 4.2: References and Calculations
- References: When we perform calculations in Excel, we often reference the value stored in other cells in our worksheet
- Three ays to reference a cell:
- Relative reference - `A1`
- Mixed reference - `$A1` or `A$1`
- Absolute reference - `$A$1`
- **Relative Reference**: An address or pointer that changes when the target item is moved or the relationship to it has changed.
- **RELATIVE REFERENCE IS THE DEFALT REFERENCE IN EXCEL**.
- The reference changes when the formula is copied elsewhere.
- Excel sees the location of the cells relative to the location of the formula.
- Click <kbd>Fn</kbd> + <kbd>F4</kbd> as hotkeys to construct value as relative value
- **Absolute Reference**: Will make either the row or column "constant" in other words, the ABSOLUTE cell location is LOCKED
- To create an absolute cell reference, put a dollar sign ``$` symbol in front of the part of the reference that you want to remain constant.
- | Reference | Comments |
| --------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
| `A1` | Both the column and row references are "relative" and will change when the reference is copied and pasted to other cell. |
| `$A1` | The column reference is "**absolute**" and will remain constant when copied and pasted to other cells. The row reference is "relative" and will change when copied and pasted to cells in other rows of the worksheet |
| `A$1` | The column reference is "relative" and will change when copied and pasted to cells in other columns in the worksheet. The row reference is "**absolute**" and will remain constant when copied and pasted to other cells. |
| `$A$1` | Both the column and row references are "**absolute**" and will remain constant when the reference is copied and pated to other cells. |
### 4.3: Summary Statistics Functions
- Formula vs. Function
- Formula: Any calculation in excel
- Function: A pre-defined calculation
- To perform calculations in Excel, we often reference the values stored in other cells in our worksheets. **We reference the cell location, not the value in the cell**.
- `COUNT(value1, [value2]), ...)`: Counts the number of cells in that contain numbers.
- `COUNTA(value1, [value2], ...)`: Counts the number of cells in a range of cells that are not blank.
- `AVERAGE(number1, [number2], ...)`: Calculates the simple average of a set of numbers.
- `MAX(number1, [number2], ...)`: Returns the largest value in a set of numbers.
- `MIN(number1, [number2], ...)`: Returns the smallest value in a set of numbers.
### 4.4: Financial Function
- `RATE(nper, pmt, pv, [fv], [type], [guess])` : calculates the interest rate earned for an investment given the number of payments made as part of the investment, the payment amount, and the current value of the investment.
- `EFFECT(nominal _rate, pery)`: calculates the annual percentage rate for an interest rate given the
number of times per year that interest is charged.
- `NPER(rate, pmt, pv, [fv], [type])`: calculates the number of payments that will be made to pay off a loan given the interest rate, payment amount, and original loan amount.
- `PMT(rate, per, pv, [fv], [type])`: calculates the payment amount for a loan given the interest rate, number of payments to be made to pay off the loan, and the original loan amount.
- `PV(rate, per, pmt, [fv], (type))`: calculates the current value (accounting for compounding interest) of an investment given the interest rate, number of payments to be made, and the amount of the payment.
- `FV(rate, per, pmt, [pv], [type])`: calculates the future value of an investment given the interest rate, number of payments to be made, and the amount of the payment.

6
docs/academic/cis105/index.md Normal file
View File

File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long