doc(cis105): add all missing recent lecture notes to up to date until l8 and lint markdown sources for entire cis105 directory

docs/academic/cis105/cis105-l5-lecture-note.md

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+# CIS105: Computer Applications & Information Systems Lect. 5
+
+## Chapter 5: Operating System
+
+### 5.1: Operating System Fundamentals
+
+-   1980: Bill Gates and Paul Allen leased IBM a Personal Computer (PC) called MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) for a one-time fee of $\$50,000$.
+    -   Gates Kept the copyright for MS-DOS
+-   1984: Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak created Mac OS
+    -   Advertised on "More user-friendly"
+
+### 5.2: Understanding Operating Systems
+
+-   System software: Software that automatically runs to configure a computer (no human intervention)
+-   Operating system (AKA Platform): A collection of computer programs that administer the hardware and software of a computer so that they work properly
+    -   Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, UNIX, Linux
+-   **Application software cannot run or be installed without a operating system**.
+
+### 5.3: Memory Management
+
+-   **Operating system coordinate**: Computers memory
+
+    -   **Cache, Random Access Memory (RAM), registers, and virtual memory**
+    -   **Disk Storage**
+
+-   **CPU Cache**: A small, very quick memory that stores copies of information and data from the most regularly-used parts of main memory
+
+    -   Helps decrease the time it takes to access memory.
+
+-   **Random Access Memory (RAM)**: Volatile memory
+
+-   Disk Storage: Non-volatile memory
+
+    -   > **volatile memory stores data when a computer is on but erases it as soon as the computer is switched off, whereas non-volatile memory remains in a computer even after the system shuts off**.
+
+### 5.4: Memory Management Contd.
+
+-   Registers: Small memory locations used to quicken the implementation of computer programs
+    -   Customization towards the device including wallpaper setting which is referred the process of registering.
+-   Virtual Memory: Memory the OS uses to coordinate, track and efficiently allocate the use of CPU cache, registers, RAM and disk storage.
+    -   The messenger between volatile and non-volatile storage.
+
+### 5.5: Disk Management
+
+-   OS is responsible for saving information as efficiently as possible
+    -   Creates a table of contents of FAT (File Allocation Table)
+-   Defragmentation: A program the reorganizes the hard drive
+    -   Note required for SSD
+-   Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
+    -   Pros: More affordable, good for standard business procedures
+    -   Cons: more prone to damage
+-   Solid State Drives (SSD)
+    -   Pros: N moving parts, more reliable
+    -   Cons: More expensive.
+
+### 5.6: File Management
+
+-   File manager are made up of Hierarchy of Directories, more commonly referred to as folders
+    -   Can be compared to a physical storage
+
+### 5.7: Networks
+
+-   Network: 2 or more computers connected together
+-   Transmission control protocol and internet protocol (TCP/IP): A set of rules for transferring information from one computer to another
+    -   Transfers info by breaking up files into packates
+-   The internet is the world's largest network
+
+### 5.8: Device Drivers
+
+-   Device Driver: Allows the OS to communicate with peripheral devices
+-   Modern OS have plug-and-play capability
+-   1996: USB developed and considered industry standard
+
+### 5.9: embedded Operating Systems
+
+-   Embedded Operating System: OS installed on devices and appliances that rely on computing
+    -   Ex; Cash registers, automatic teller machines (ATM), microwaves, and specialized handled devices
+    -   Embedded OS cannot be modified in most cases
+    -   Embedded OS used on most cell pones
+        -   Google, Android, and iPhone
+
+### 5.10: Mac or PC?
+
+-   The answer is baed on the needs of the business
+-   Ask yourself: Which one are your end-users comfortable or have experiencing using? Which one gives you a clear competitive advantage?
+
+### 5.11: Major Operating Systems
+
+-   Microsoft Windows: Windows 10
+    -   Windows 11 available for download
+-   Mac Operating System (AKA Mac OS)
+    -   Version 14: Sonoma
+-   Linux: An open-source OS that can be modified, used, and redistributed by anyone freely
+    -   Created by **Linux Torvalds**
+-   UNIX: Popular for large processing applications like credit card transactions and approvals.
+
+### 5.12: Open-Source OS
+
+-   Proprietary software vs. open-source
+    -   Why doesn't everyone use open-source
+-   Diffusion: A product or software is widely accepted

docs/academic/cis105/cis105-l6-pt1-lecture-note.md

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+# CIS105: Computer Applications & Information Systems Lect. 6 Pt. 1
+
+## Chapter 6: System Software
+
+### 6.1: System Software Overview
+
+System Software:
+
+-   Enables the Operating System
+-   Controls memory, input and output, and manages filing system
+-   Runs essential processes automatically
+-   Controls the physical hardware so that applications software can work
+-   If your computer is running, your system software is working
+
+### 6.2: Starting the Computer
+
+What happens when you press the power button:
+
+-   System searches for Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)
+-   Firmware, locates computer hardware
+-   SS loads the platform (OS) into the computer’s memory: Booting
+-   Powering up the computer for the first time: Cold Boot
+-   Restarting a computer: Warm Boot
+-   Computer will ask for login and load your profile
+-   Preferences, themes, styles, and types of resources set up by the user
+-   Registry loads settings made by the user
+-   Screen savers, appearance, and personalizations
+
+### 6.3: Administering Application Software
+
+-   When a user clicks on an application, the application info moves from the hard drive to RAM (Random Access Memory)
+-   SS and OS make sure application software works correctly
+
+### 6.4: Memory Management
+
+-   Computer memory allocation can be compared to a farmer allocating water for crops
+-   Virtual memory: The technique of breaking large files down from the hard drive into smaller, more manageable files that fit in RAM
+-   Smaller files called Pages
+-   If the pages exceed RAM storage, OS will store temporary copies of pages to hard drive
+-   Swap Files: When pages exceed RAM storage, OS swaps pages between hard drive and RAM
+    Ask yourself: Does your business need new computers or new computer parts?
+-   New computer: $800-1500
+-   Upgraded RAM: $50-$200
+-   Upgraded Hard Drive:$40-$100
+
+### 6.5: Interfacing and Utilities
+
+SS in the form of an OS must serve as a translator for both the computer and end user
+
+-   Monitor: displays and renders output an end user can understand
+-   GUI
+-   Icon: A small pictogram on the desktop that a user clicks with a mouse
+-   Window: A GUI unto its own
+-   Device Drivers: allow input and output devices to operate properly
+-   The background displayed on the monitor is considered the desktop environment, or "desktop" for short
+-   Active Window: the window that the user is currently using
+
+### 6.6: File Management Systems
+
+Based on a hierarchy of folders that contain computer files. File management systems are searchable and provide information on files:
+
+-   File Name
+-   File Creation Date
+-   File Modification Date
+-   Location of the file
+-   Who created or modified a file
+-   File size
+-   In business, it is important to establish your file management system early
+
+### 6.7: System Software Utilities
+
+-   Tracks: concentric circular bands
+-   Sectors: Tracks that are separated into wedges
+-   Defragmentation: Organizes + and – charges to the innermost tracks of the disk to reduce the amount of time it takes the R/W arm to find the info
+
+### 6.8: Antivirus Utilities
+
+Antivirus Utilities: System software that identifies known viruses to block them from entering and infecting a computer system
+
+-   Utilizes a database of known viruses to cross reference against each incoming file
+-   Subscription service: Norton Antivirus and McAfee VirusScan
+
+### 6.9: System Updates
+
+-   To compensate for OS inadequacies, OS offer a system software utility called system update
+-   Patches sent from Microsoft (or Mac) via the Internet to a user’s computer

docs/academic/cis105/cis105-l6-pt2-lecture-note.md

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+# CIS105: Computer Applications & Information Systems Lect. 6 Pt. 2
+
+## Chapter 6: Logical Functions
+
+### 6.1: New Functions
+
+-   `AND`: Checks whether all arguments are `TRUE`, and returns `TRUE` if all arguments are `TRUE`.
+-   `OR`: Checks whether any of the arguments are `TRUE`, and returns `TRUE` or `FALSE`.
+-   `NOT`: Changes `TRUE` to `FALSE`, or `FALSE` to `TRUE`.
+-   `IF`: Checks whether a condition is met, and returns one value if `TRUE`, and another value if `FALSE`.
+
+    -   Nested `IF`: Using multiple `IF` statements in one functions to account for multiple conditions.
+
+-   `VLOOKUP`: Looks for a value in a table or a range veryically
+    -   `VLOOKUP` What you want to look up, where you want to look for it, the column number in the range containing the value to return, return an approximate or exact match: Indicates as `1/TRUE`, or `0/FALSE`.
+-   `HLOOKUP`: Looks for a value in a table or a range horizontally.
+-   `COUNTIF`: Counts the number of cells within a range that meet the given condition.
+    -   `=COUNTIF(Where do you want to look? What do you want to look for?)`
+-   `SUMIF`: Adds the cells specified by a given condition or criteria.
+-   `AVERAGEIF`: s an Excel Statistical function, which calculates the average of a given range of cells by a specific criterion.
+
+### 6.2: Comparison Operators
+
+-   `>`: More than
+-   `<`: Less than
+-   `>=`: More than or equal to
+-   `<=`: Less that or equal to
+
+### 6.3: Reminder
+
+-   **Excel does not recognize tex**
+    -   When searching for keywords, put keyword between `""` delimiters.

docs/academic/cis105/cis105-l7-lecture.note.md

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+# CIS105: Computer Applications & Information Systems Lect. 7
+
+## Chapter 7: Green Business Computing
+
+### 7.1: Green Business Computing
+
+-   Burning fossil fules creates carbon dioxide which builds up and slows the escape of heat into space, called the "greenhouse effect".
+-   **NASA** predicts Earth's surface temperature will increase by 2.5 to 10.4 Fahrenheit by the year 2100. The concern is that human societies and natural ecosystems may not adapt quickly enough.
+-   The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in charge of creating and maintaining climate computer models that are used to predict weather admit they are flawed and unreliable.
+-   Who's right, ASA or NCAR?
+
+### 7.2: Climate Change
+
+-   Whether global warming exists is a discussion that requires critical thoughtfullnesswith a minimum of passion.
+-   It is virtually impossible to not come across terminologies like "green" or challenges, and potential sustainable solutions have gained traction and must be dealt with.
+-   Regardless of differing views, climate change has gained diffusion and acceptance as an acknowledged problem that will drive business for many years to come. Environmental responsibility and global governance is simply the right things to do.
+
+### 7.3: IT Challenges and Opportunities
+
+-   Chief technology officers (in charge of all business computing assets) meed to be concerned with overall energy costs associated with computing systems.
+-   Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT)
+    -   Started by the Environmental Protection Agency in 2006.
+    -   Managed by the Green Electronics Council (GEC)
+    -   Easy to use online tool
+
+### 7.4: EPEAT Criteria
+
+EPEAT evaluates electronic products relative to 51 environmental criteria, 23 required and 28 optional. Computer manufacturers that meet a certain criteria are awarded a gold, silver, or bronze star allowing the consumer to differentiate products.
+
+-   **Reduction or elimination of environmentally sensitive materials**. Computers contain potentially harmful chemicals like cadmium, mercury, and chromium. EPEAT Encourages manufacturers to reduce or eliminate them altogether.
+
+-   **Materials Selection** informs the consumer of the percentage of recycled plastic and offers a declaration of percentage of renewable/bio-based plastic material content.
+
+-   **Design for End of Life** informs consumers about special handling needs for disposing of their product when it no longer useful.
+
+-   **Product Longevity/Life Cycle Extension** encourages manufacturers to make extended warranties available so their product lasts longer or available to be upgraded.
+
+-   **End of Life Management** asks manufacturers to take their product back at the end of the product’s life, at no cost to the consumer.
+
+-   **Corporate Performance** means a manufacturer demonstrates a sound corporate environmental policy throughout their business.
+
+-   **Packaging** criteria requires manufacturers to reduce or eliminate intentionally added toxins in packaging.
+
+-   **Energy Conservation** asks manufacturers to adopt the government’s Energy Star® specifications.
+
+EPEAT criteria seems difficult and expensive for a gold star, so why would manufacturers be willing to comply? Had you ever heard of EPEAT? Did you base your last computer purchase on EPEAT criteria? If you were aware of EPEAT, would you pay more just to be green? What if your business pays significantly more for EPEAT computers and your competitor doesn’t, did they get an edge?
+
+### 7.5: **Energy Star® Specifications**
+
+-   Started in 1772 as a voluntary labeling program to identify and promote energy efficient products.
+
+-   Energy Star® claims that if every computer in the United States met Energy Star® requirements, the savings in energy costs alone will grow to about $2 billion each year and greenhouse gas emissions would be reduced by the the equivalent of that from 2 million cars.
+
+-   In many instances, Energy Star® computers are more expensive to purchase but are far more efficient and cost effective in the long run
+
+### 7.6: The Green PC
+
+A Green PC is a personal computer that is environmentally friendly and includes the following:
+
+-   Energy-efficient power supplies
+
+-   Includes processors that consume minimum amounts of electricity
+
+-   Attempt to do away with or minimize environmentally harmful components
+
+-   Makes use of aluminum or plastic parts from recycled materials
+
+The most important factor in a Green PC is energy efficiency
+
+### 7.7: **Modes**
+
+-   **Active Use**: The computer is on and being use
+
+-   **Sleep Mode**: Low power after a designated period of time
+
+-   **Standby Mode** (Off): Turns off after designated period of time
+
+### 7.8: Green Business Computing Plan
+
+Based on the idea that businesses can be environmentally friendly, more profitable, and socially responsible.
+
+-   Organizational policies and procedures
+
+-   Best Practice considerations
+
+-   Long term, sustainable considerations
+
+-   Reduction of power usage and paper consumption
+
+-   Recycling policies and procedures
+
+-   Used computer software and hardware disposal
+
+-   EPEAT and Energy Star® compliance
+
+-   Green PC purchasing recommendations

docs/academic/cis105/cis105-l8-lecture-note.md

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+# CIS105: Computer Applications & Information Systems Lect. 8
+
+## Chapter 8: Computer Networks
+
+### 8.1: Computer Networks
+
+-   Two or more computers connected together to share resources like:
+-   Folders and files
+-   Software
+-   Hardware
+-   Scanners, Printers, Webcams, etc.
+    Consider a network made up of three computers (Clients) connected to one computer called a Server. The server is connected to a printer and a scanner (peripheral devices) enabling all three clients to use them. Any device connected to a network is called a node.
+
+### 8.2: Building a Computer Network
+
+All networks require four basic components
+
+1. Network Interface Controller Card (NIC): Plugged into the motherboard to interface and connect with other computers.
+2. Protocol: TCP/IP controls how data and information is shared between computers.
+3. Cables: Cables connect servers to clients which can sometimes be replaced through wireless connections.
+4. Hub: Typically, the central location of a network (server) that serves to run the network smoothly
+
+### 8.3: Network Protocols
+
+Provides a common language and rules for communication between computers. A protocol is a convention or standard that controls or allows communication and data transfer between two computers.
+
+-   Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP): When sending a file from one computer to another, the file is broken down into smaller files called “packets”. The packets arrive at the receiving computer and must be reassembled correctly to guarantee the receiving computer gets a file that will work (not corrupted).
+-   User Datagram Packets: Break large files into packets, but unlike TCP/IP, allows a user to use the incoming file.
+
+### 8.4: Network Operating Systems
+
+A Network Operating System (NOS) is similar to a stand-alone platform but responsible for much more:
+
+-   Automatic hardware detection. The NOS recognizes it when it becomes part of the network.
+-   Supports multi-processing which allows several processes to occur at one time.
+-   Recognizes who is using the network.
+-   Provides security
+
+### 8.5: Network Administrator
+
+-   Responsible for smooth network operations
+-   Network performance
+-   Implementation of new nodes and users
+-   Strong business background
+
+### 8.6: Network Topology
+
+Refers to the mapping of a physical network and logical interconnections between nodes. Basically, the way a network is arranged and laid out.
+
+-   Bus Topology: Sometimes called a linear bus topology where the network’s nodes are connected to a common linear backbone with tw endpoints. If the backbone fails, the whole network fails.
+-   Star Topology: One central server in which clients connect in a spoke- like fashion, or star. If the server fails, the network fails. (Most common topology)
+-   Ring Topology: Data is transferred between computers in a circular manner.
+
+### 8.7: Types of Computer Networks
+
+-   Local Area Network (LAN): A small network typically confined by a single building. Often used by smaller businesses.
+-   Campus Area Network (CAN): Connects two or more LANs which are located on universities or large businesses.
+-   Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): A computer network that connects CANs and LANs into a larger network like a city.
+-   Wide Area Network (WAN): Connects LANs, CANs, and MANs and can cover an entire country
+-   Peer to Peer (P2P): Generally, connect computers to each other.
+-   Internet: The world’s largest network interconnecting public, private, commercial, and governmental networks. Network Security Starts with a solid understanding of network threats. Network administrators must adopt policies which define rules for network access.
+-   Passwords: A secret word or combination of keyboard characters typed in by the user to authenticate their identity to a network and gain appropriate access.
+-   Strong Passwords: Same as passwords, but requires a user to use upper case characters, lower case characters, numbers, and special characters.
+-   Passphrase: Same as a Strong Password, but a phrase that is memorable.
+
+### 8.8: Network Security
+
+-   Web Browsing on a Network: Part of network security includes policies and procedures regarding employee’s web browsing. Should a business let employees browse on the Web?
+-   Email / Instant Messaging: On a business network, consider that all email and instant message is recorded and saved, therefore, policies and procedures must be in place regarding appropriate usage.
+-   Permissions: Network access is called “permissions”, which grants and denies access to a network depending on the user.
+-   Firewall: Hardware and software on a proxy server that determines who is allowed on a network, and who is not.
+
+### 8.9: Green Business Computing Plan
+
+Based on the idea that businesses can be environmentally friendly, more profitable, and socially responsible.
+
+-   Organizational policies and procedures
+-   Best Practice considerations
+-   Long term, sustainable considerations
+-   Reduction of power usage and paper consumption
+-   Recycling policies and procedures
+-   Used computer software and hardware disposal
+-   EPEAT and Energy Star® compliance
+-   Green PC purchasing recommendations