One of the major reasons for studying chemical kinetics is to use measurements of the macroscopic properties of a system, such as the rate of change in the concentration of reactants or products with time, to discover the sequence of events that occur at the molecular level during a reaction. This molecular description is the mechanism of the reaction; it describes how individual atoms, ions, or molecules interact to form particular products. The stepwise changes are collectively called the reaction mechanism.
In an internal combustion engine, for example, isooctane reacts with oxygen to give carbon dioxide and water:
2C8H18(l)+25O2(g)⟶16CO2(g)+18H2O(g)
For this reaction to occur in a single step, 25 dioxygen molecules and 2 isooctane molecules would have to collide simultaneously and be converted to 34 molecules of product, which is very unlikely. It is more likely that a complex series of reactions takes place in a stepwise fashion. Each individual reaction, which is called an elementary reaction, involves one, two, or (rarely) three atoms, molecules, or ions. The overall sequence of elementary reactions is the mechanism of the reaction. The sum of the individual steps, or elementary reactions, in the mechanism must give the balanced chemical equation for the overall reaction.
The overall sequence of elementary reactions is the mechanism of the reaction.
12-5-2: Molecularity and the Rate-Determining Step
To demonstrate how the analysis of elementary reactions helps us determine the overall reaction mechanism, we will examine the much simpler reaction of carbon monoxide with nitrogen dioxide.
2CO+2NO2→2CO2+N2O4
From the balanced chemical equation, one might expect the reaction to occur via a collision of one molecule of NO2 with a molecule of CO that results in the transfer of an oxygen atom from nitrogen to carbon. The experimentally determined rate law for the reaction, however, is as follows:
rate =k[NO2]2
The fact that the reaction is second order in [NO2] and independent of [CO] tells us that it does not occur by the simple collision model outlined previously. If it did, its predicted rate law would be
rate =k[NO2][CO].
The following two-step mechanism is consistent with the rate law if step 1 is much slower than step 2:
According to this mechanism, the overall reaction occurs in two steps, or elementary reactions. Summing steps 1 and 2 and canceling on both sides of the equation gives the overall balanced chemical equation for the reaction. The NO3 molecule is intermediate in the reaction, a species that does not appear in the balanced chemical equation for the overall reaction. It is formed as a product of the first step but is consumed in the second step.
The sum of the elementary reactions in a reaction mechanism must give the overall balanced chemical equation of the reaction.
12-5-3: Using Molecularity to Describe a Rate Law
The molecularity of an elementary reaction is the number of molecules that collide during that step in the mechanism. If there is only a single reactant molecule in an elementary reaction, that step is designated as unimolecular; if there are two reactant molecules, it is bimolecular; and if there are three reactant molecules (a relatively rare situation), it is termolecular. Elementary reactions that involve the simultaneous collision of more than three molecules are highly improbable and have never been observed experimentally. (To understand why, try to make three or more marbles or pool balls collide with one another simultaneously!)
About the image
The Basis for Writing Rate Laws of Elementary Reactions. This diagram illustrates how the number of possible collisions per unit time between two reactant species, A and B, depends on the number of A and B particles present. The number of collisions between A and B particles increases as the product of the number of particles, not as the sum. This is why the rate law for an elementary reaction depends on the product of the concentrations of the species that collide in that step. (CC BY-NC-SA; anonymous)
Writing the rate law for an elementary reaction is straightforward because we know how many molecules must collide simultaneously for the elementary reaction to occur; hence the order of the elementary reaction is the same as its molecularity (Table 14.6.1). In contrast, the rate law for the reaction cannot be determined from the balanced chemical equation for the overall reaction. The general rate law for a unimolecular elementary reaction ( A→ products) is
rate =k[A].
For bimolecular reactions, the reaction rate depends on the number of collisions per unit time, which is proportional to the product of the concentrations of the reactants, as shown in Figure 14.6.1 For a bimolecular elementary reaction of the form A+B→ products, the general rate law is
rate =k[A][B].
Elementary Reaction
Molecularity
Rate
Reaction Order
A→ products
Unimolecular
rate =k[A]
first
2A→ products
Bimolecular
rate =k[A]2
second
A+B→ products
Bimolecular
rate =k[A][B]
second
2A+B→ products
Termolecular
rate =k[A]2[B]
third
A+B+C→ products
Termolecular
rate =k[A][B][C]
third
For elementary reactions, the order of the elementary reaction is the same as its molecularity. In contrast, the rate law cannot be determined from the balanced chemical equation for the overall reaction (unless it is a single step mechanism and is therefore also an elementary step).
Note the important difference between writing rate laws for elementary reactions and the balanced chemical equation of the overall reaction. Because the balanced chemical equation does not necessarily reveal the individual elementary reactions by which the reaction occurs, we cannot obtain the rate law for a reaction from the overall balanced chemical equation alone. In fact, it is the rate law for the slowest overall reaction, which is the same as the rate law for the slowest step in the reaction mechanism, the ratedetermining step, that must give the experimentally determined rate law for the overall reaction.This statement is true if one step is substantially slower than all the others, typically by a factor of 10 or more. If two or more slow steps have comparable rates, the experimentally determined rate laws can become complex. Our discussion is limited to reactions in which one step can be identified as being substantially slower than any other. The reason for this is that any process that occurs through a sequence of steps can take place no faster than the slowest step in the sequence. In an automotive assembly line, for example, a component cannot be used faster than it is produced. Similarly, blood pressure is regulated by the flow of blood through the smallest passages, the capillaries. Because movement through capillaries constitutes the rate-determining step in blood flow, blood pressure can be regulated by medications that cause the capillaries to contract or dilate. A chemical reaction that occurs via a series of elementary reactions can take place no faster than the slowest step in the series of reactions.
Look at the rate laws for each elementary reaction in the example as well as for the overall reaction.
Rate laws for each elementary reaction in our example as well as for the overall reaction
Steps
Reaction
Rate
step 1
NO2+NO2→k1NO3+NO
rate =k1[NO2]2( predicted)
step 2
NO3+CO→k2NO2+CO2
rate =k2[NO3][CO]( predicted )
step 3
NO2+CO→kNO+CO2
rate =k[NO2]2( observed)
The experimentally determined rate law for the reaction of NO2 with CO is the same as the predicted rate law for step 1 . This tells us that the first elementary reaction is the rate-determining step, so k for the overall reaction must equal k1. That is, NO3 is formed slowly in step 1, but once it is formed, it reacts very rapidly with CO in step 2.
Sometimes chemists are able to propose two or more mechanisms that are consistent with the available data. If a proposed mechanism predicts the wrong experimental rate law, however, the mechanism must be incorrect.
12-5-4-1: Example-A Reaction with an Intermediate
In an alternative mechanism for the reaction of NO2 with CO with N2O4 appearing as an intermediate.
alternative mechanism for the reaction of NO2 with CO with N2O4 appearing as an intermediate.
Write the rate law for each elementary reaction. Is this mechanism consistent with the experimentally determined rate law (rate =k[NO2]2t)
Given: elementary reactions Asked for: rate law for each elementary reaction and overall rate law
Determine the rate law for each elementary reaction in the reaction.
Determine which rate law corresponds to the experimentally determined rate law for the reaction. This rate law is the one for the rate-determining step.
A The rate law for step 1 is rate =k1[NO2]2; for step 2 , it is rate =k2[N2O4][CO].
B If step 1 is slow (and therefore the rate-determining step), then the overall rate law for the reaction will be the same: rate =k1[NO2]2. This is the same as the experimentally determined rate law. Hence this mechanism, with N2O4 as an intermediate, and the one described previously, with NO3 as an intermediate, are kinetically indistinguishable. In this case, further experiments are needed to distinguish between them. For example, the researcher could try to detect the proposed intermediates, NO3 and N2O4, directly.
At 500K in the presence of a copper surface, ethanol decomposes according to the equation
C2H5OH(g)⟶CH3CHO(g)+H2(g)
The pressure of C2H5OH was measured as a function of time and the following data were obtained:
Time (s)
PC2H5OH (torr)
0
250.
100.
237
200.
224
300.
211
400.
198
500.
185
Since the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the concentration of gas, we can express the rate law for a gaseous reaction in terms of partial pressures. Using the above data, deduce the rate law, the integrated rate law, and the value of the rate constant, all in terms of pressure units in atm and time in seconds. Predict the pressure of C2H5OH after 900.s from the start of the reaction. (Hint: To determine the order of the reaction with respect to C2H5OH, compare how the pressure of C2H5OH decreases with each time listing.)
The decomposition of N2O5(g) is represented by the equation above. A sample of N2O5(g) is monitored as it decomposes, and the concentration of N2O5 as a function of time is recorded. The results are shown in the table below.
Time (s)
[N2O5]
0
1.000
25.0
0.801
50.0
0.642
75.0
0.515
Calculate the average rate of the reaction between 50.0 and 75.0 seconds.
Notice that the rate of change in concentration of each species is divided by its coefficient from the balanced chemical equation ( a, b,c, or d ). This ensures that the calculated reaction rate is the same no matter which reactant or product is monitored for changes in concentration. In this case, the monitored species was N2O5. With that in mind, let's write the reaction rate in terms of the rate of change in concentration of N2O5 :
rate =−21ΔtΔ[N2O5]
Since the coefficient for N2O5 in the balanced equation is 2 , we divided the rate of change in concentration of N2O5 by 2 . Additionally, since N2O5 is being consumed in the reaction, we included a negative sign in front of the expression.
Now, let's plug in the information from the table to calculate the average reaction rate between 50.0 and 75.0 seconds:
The rate law for a particular reaction is rate =k[XY]2. In an experiment, the initial rate of the reaction is determined to be 0.16mol/(L⋅s) when the initial concentration of XY is 0.40mol/L.
What is the value of the rate constant, k, for the reaction?
To solve this problem, let's first write out the rate law for the reaction. According to the text, the reaction is second order with respect to X and first order with respect to Y, so the rate law is rate =k[X]2[Y]
Now, let's think about how the rate changes when [X] is halved and [Y] is doubled. Since [X] is raised to the second power in the rate law, halving [X] decreases the reaction rate by a factor of 4 . Similarly, since [Y] is raised to the first power, doubling [Y] increases the reaction rate by a factor of 2 . Combined, these changes result in the reaction rate decreasing by a factor of 2 overall. So, when [X] is halved and [Y] is doubled, the rate of the reaction decreases by a factor of 2 .
Patterns of Organization and Methods of Development
Patterns of organization can help your readers follow the ideas within your essay and your paragraphs, but they can also work as methods of development to help you recognize and further develop ideas and relationships in your writing. Here are some strategies that can help you with both organization and development in your essays.
Now take the pie out of the oven and let it cool on the stovetop.
Mix the dry ingredients with the liquid ingredients.
Set the pie crust aside while you make the filling.
How did it feel to read the above list? A bit confusing, I would guess. That’s because the steps for making a pie were not well organized, and the steps don’t include enough detail for us to know exactly what we should do. (Like what are the dry and liquid ingredients?) We all know that starting instructions from the beginning and giving each detailed step in the order it should happen is vital to having a good outcome, in this case a yummy pie! But it’s not always so simple to know how to organize or develop ideas, and sometimes there’s more than one way, which complicates things even further.
First, let’s take a look at a couple of ways to think about organization.
It might be useful to think about organizing your topic like a triangle:
The first triangle represents starting with the most general, big picture information first, moving then to more detailed and often more personal information later in the paper. The second triangle represents an organizational structure that starts with the specific, small scale information first and then moves to the more global, big picture stuff.
For example, if your topic is traffic in Vancouver, British Columbia, an essay that uses the general-to-specific organizational structure might begin this way:
Many people consider Vancouver, British Columbia, to be a relaxed place to live. They would be shocked to know how bad the traffic is traveling major arteries into the city and even driving around the city itself.
An essay that uses the specific-to-general structure might start like this:
Transit is crowded, parking is expensive, and vehicles stop and go through the main streets of the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, and that is just once travelers brave the crowded arteries to enter the city; Vancouver’s traffic problem does not lend itself to the relaxed atmosphere many believe the city to have.
What’s the difference between these two introductions? And how might they appeal to the intended audience for this essay in different ways? The first introduction is looking at the big picture of the problem and mentions pollution’s impact on all citizens in Portland, while the second introduction focuses on one specific family. The first helps readers see how vast the problem really is, and the second helps connect readers to a real family, making an emotional appeal from the very beginning. Neither introduction is necessarily better. You’ll choose one over the other based on the kind of tone you’d like to create and how you’d like to affect your audience. It’s completely up to you to make this decision.
Does the Triangle Mean the Essay Keeps Getting More Specific or More Broad until the Very End?
The triangle is kind of a general guide, meaning you’re allowed to move around within it all you want. For example, it’s possible that each of your paragraphs will be its own triangle, starting with the general or specific and moving out or in. However, if you begin very broadly, it might be effective to end your essay in a more specific, personal way. And if you begin with a personal story, consider ending your essay by touching on the global impact and importance of your topic.
Are There Other Ways to Think about Organizing My Ideas?
Yes! Rather than thinking about which of your ideas are most specific or personal or which are more broad or universal, you might consider one of the following ways of organizing your ideas:
Most important information first (consider what you want readers to focus on first)
Chronological order (the order in time that events take place)
Compare and contrast (ideas are organized together because of their relationship to each other)
The section on Methods of Development, below, offers more detail about some of these organizational patterns, along with some others.
Choose one of the following topics, and practice writing a few opening sentences like we did above, once using the general-to-specific format and once using the specific-to-general. Which do you like better? What audience would be attracted to which one? Share with peers to see how others tackled this challenge. How would you rewrite their sentences? Why? Discuss your changes and listen to how your peers have revised your sentences. Taking in other people’s ideas will help you see new ways to approach your own writing and thinking. Topics:
The methods of development covered here are best used as ways to look at what’s already happening in your draft and to consider how you might emphasize or expand on any existing patterns. You might already be familiar with some of these patterns because teachers will sometimes assign them as the purpose for writing an essay. For example, you might have been asked to write a cause-and-effect essay or a comparison-and-contrast essay.
It’s important to emphasize here that patterns of organization or methods of developing content usually happen naturally as a consequence of the way the writer engages with and organizes information while writing. That is to say, most writers don’t sit down and say, “I think I’ll write a cause-and-effect essay today.” Instead, a writer might be more likely to be interested in a topic, say, the state of drinking water in the local community, and as the writer begins to explore the topic, certain cause-and-effect relationships between environmental pollutants and the community water supply may begin to emerge.
So if these patterns just occur naturally in writing, what’s the use in knowing about them? Well, sometimes you might be revising a draft and notice that some of your paragraphs are a bit underdeveloped. Maybe they lack a clear topic, or maybe they lack support. In either case, you can look to these common methods of development to find ways to sharpen those vague topics or to add support where needed. Do you have a clear cause statement somewhere but you haven’t explored the effects? Are you lacking detail somewhere where a narrative story or historical chronology can help build reader interest and add support? Are you struggling to define an idea that might benefit from some comparison or contrast? Read on to consider some of the ways that these strategies can help you in revision.
Do you see a potential cause-and-effect relationship developing in your draft? The cause-and-effect pattern may be used to identify one or more causes followed by one or more effects or results. Or you may reverse this sequence and describe effects first and then the cause or causes. For example, the causes of water pollution might be followed by its effects on both humans and animals. You may use obvious transitions to clarify cause and effect, such as “What are the results? Here are some of them…” or you might simply use the words cause, effect, and result, to cue the reader about your about the relationships that you’re establishing.
At some point does your essay explore a problem or suggest a solution? The problem-solution pattern is commonly used in identifying something that’s wrong and in contemplating what might be done to remedy the situation. There are probably more ways to organize a problem-solution approach, but but here are three possibilities:
Describe the problem, followed by the solution.
Propose the solution first and then describe the problems that motivated it.
Or a problem may be followed by several solutions, one of which is selected as the best.
When the solution is stated at the end of the paper, the pattern is sometimes called the delayed proposal. For a hostile audience, it may be effective to describe the problem, show why other solutions do not work, and finally suggest the favored solution. You can emphasize the words problem and solution to signal these sections of your paper for your reader.
Do you need to develop support for a topic where telling a story can illustrate some important concept for your readers? Material arranged chronologically is explained as it occurs in time. A chronological or narrative method of development might help you find a way to add both interest and content to your essay. Material arranged chronologically is explained as it occurs in time. This pattern may be used to establish what has happened. Chronology or narrative can be a great way to introduce your essay by providing a background or history behind your topic. Or you may want to tell a story to develop one or more points in the body of your essay. You can use transitional words like then, next, and finally to make the parts of the chronology clear.
Are you trying to define something? Do you need your readers to understand what something is and what it is not? The comparison-and-contrast method of development is particularly useful in extending a definition, or anywhere you need to show how a subject is like or unlike another subject. For example, the statement is often made that drug abuse is a medical problem instead of a criminal justice issue. An author might attempt to prove this point by comparing drug addiction to AIDS, cancer, or heart disease to redefine the term “addiction” as a medical problem. A statement in opposition to this idea could just as easily establish contrast by explaining all the ways that addiction is different from what we traditionally understand as an illness. In seeking to establish comparison or contrast in your writing, some words or terms that might be useful are by contrast, in comparison, while, some, and others.
Summary
These four methods of development—cause and effect, problem-solution, chronology or narrative, and comparison and contrast—are just a few ways to organize and develop ideas and content in your essays. It’s important to note that they should not be a starting point for writers who want to write something authentic—something that they care deeply about. Instead, they can be a great way to help you look for what’s already happening with your topic or in a draft, to help you to write more, or to help you reorganize some parts of an essay that seem to lack connection or feel disjointed. Look for organizational patterns when you’re reading work by professional writers. Notice where they combine strategies (e.g., a problem-solution pattern that uses cause-and-effect organization, or a comparison-contrast pattern that uses narrative or chronology to develop similarities or differences). Pay attention to how different writers emphasize and develop their main ideas, and use what you find to inspire you in your own writing. Better yet, work on developing completely new patterns of your own.
Reference
This chapter was adapted from “Patterns of Organization and Methods of Development” in The Word on College Reading and Writing by Carol Burnell, Jaime Wood, Monique Babin, Susan Pesznecker, and Nicole Rosevear, which is licensed under a CC BY-NC 4.0 Licence. Adapted by Allison Kilgannon.
“General to Specific vs. Specific to General Triangles” by Carol Burnell, Jaime Wood, Monique Babin, Susan Pesznecker, and Nicole Rosevear is under a CC BY-NC 4.0 Licence.
Kilgannon, Allison. “Patterns of Organization and Methods of Development.” Opentextbc.ca, 20 Aug. 2021, opentextbc.ca/advancedenglish/chapter/patterns-of-organization-and-methods-of-development/#:~:text=These%20four%20methods%20of%20development.
This table of vocabularies are from "Sadlier Vocabulary Workshop-Level G (Unit 4)" with their corresponding textbook definitions and part of speeches (from some of them) made into a collection.
Vocabulary
Definition
Atrophy
(n.) the wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any progressive decline or failure; (v.) to waste away
Bastion
A fortified place, stronghold
Concord
A state of agreement, harmony, unanimity; a treaty, pact, covenant
Consummate
(adj.) complete or perfect in the highest degree; (v.) to bring to a state of completion or perfection
Disarray
(n.) disorder, confusion; (v.) to throw into disorder
Exigency
Urgency, pressure; urgent demand, pressing need; an emergency
Flotsam
Floating debris; homeless, impoverished people
Frenetic
Frenzied, highly agitated
Glean
To gather bit by bit; to gather small quantities of grain left in a field by the reapers.
Grouse
(n.) A type of game bird; a complaint; (v.) to complain, grumble
Incarcerate
To imprison, confine, jail
Incumbent
(adj.) obligatory, required; (n.) one who holds a specific office at the time spoken of
Jocular
Humorous, jesting, jolly, joking
Ludicrous
Ridiculous, laughable, absurd
Mordant
Biting or caustic in thought, manner, or style; sharply or bitterly harsh.
Nettle
(n.) a prickly or stinging plant; (v.) to arouse displeasure, impatience, or anger; to vex or irritate severely
Pecuniary
Consisting of or measured in money; of or related to money
Pusillanimous
Contemptibly cowardly or mean-spirited
Recumbent
In a reclining position, lying down, in the posture of one sleeping or resting.
Stratagem
A scheme to outwit or deceive an opponent or to gain and end.
Before you start using this plugin, make sure you have already installed the default markdown-it parser; if not, please run the following command or refer to the official markdown-it documentation.
sh
$npminstallmarkdown-it--save
$npminstallmarkdown-it--save
1
First install package with your preferred package manager (npm, yarn, pnpm), or include javascript before the closing </body> for markdown-it-katex's core utils to be loaded for the static page.
Before you start using this plugin, make sure you have already installed the default markdown-it parser; if not, please run the following command or refer to the official markdown-it documentation.
sh
$npminstallmarkdown-it--save
$npminstallmarkdown-it--save
1
First install package with your preferred package manager (npm, yarn, pnpm), or include javascript before the closing </body> for markdown-it-katex's core utils to be loaded for the static page.
sh
$npminstall-D@andatoshiki/markdown-it-katex
$npminstall-D@andatoshiki/markdown-it-katex
1
sh
$yarnadd--dev@andatoshiki/markdown-it-katex
$yarnadd--dev@andatoshiki/markdown-it-katex
1
sh
$pnpmadd-D@andatoshiki/markdown-it-katex
$pnpmadd-D@andatoshiki/markdown-it-katex
1
html
<!-- your other body contents ... --> <scriptsrc="https://unpkg.com/@andatoshiki/markdown-it-katex@0.0.3/markdown-it-katex.min.js"></script></body>
<!-- your other body contents ... --> <scriptsrc="https://unpkg.com/@andatoshiki/markdown-it-katex@0.0.3/markdown-it-katex.min.js"></script>
-</body>
1 2 3
Including KaTeX CSS is necessary in the way you are convenient with, either link the stylesheet from a third party CDN into the local HTML <head> tag or import it into a currently linked CSS stylesheets to enable styles for KaTeX globally as follows,
Or, you could clone or download the entire repository source of KaTeX and self load the fonts/styles/scripts locally, but if you prefer loading from third-party CDN with faster load speed when deployed to save your server resources, the following CDN links might be your choice, you can always switch to other platforms based on your need.
Including KaTeX CSS is necessary in the way you are convenient with, either link the stylesheet from a third party CDN into the local HTML <head> tag or import it into a currently linked CSS stylesheets to enable styles for KaTeX globally as follows,
Or, you could clone or download the entire repository source of KaTeX and self load the fonts/styles/scripts locally, but if you prefer loading from third-party CDN with faster load speed when deployed to save your server resources, the following CDN links might be your choice, you can always switch to other platforms based on your need.
// ... your other styles@import'https://cdnjs.toshiki.dev/ajax/libs/KaTeX/0.16.0/katex.min.css';
// ... your other styles
-@import'https://cdnjs.toshiki.dev/ajax/libs/KaTeX/0.16.0/katex.min.css';
1 2
If you are using the default markdown-it parser, I personally recommend that you use the GitHub markdown CSS (github-markdown-css) for styling your HTML output with a similar style replica of GitHub's markdown styling to your familiarity.
This forked project maintained by Anda Toshiki comes with the update of KaTeX components with higher style version support (this documentation uses KaTeX version 16.0, without hassels), later versions may works, but no guarantees are given by the developers, if you are not obsessed with the latest released version, 16.0 may fits your need for loading KaTeX on a personal blog site or small educational sites; yet it should work fully functionally.
Warning
Since this project is a fork of the original markdown-it-katex project that hasn't been receiving any active updates of its code source for years, the latest katex style version supported is somewhere around ver. 0.9.0 which clearly is outdated and results in broken styles with overflowing and other potential bug presents.
RTo render equations, you need to include the markdown-it-katex plugin in the markdown-it components in your JavaScript or TypeScript file as follows,
js
var md =require('markdown-it')(),
+@import'https://cdnjs.toshiki.dev/ajax/libs/KaTeX/0.16.0/katex.min.css';
1 2
If you are using the default markdown-it parser, I personally recommend that you use the GitHub markdown CSS (github-markdown-css) for styling your HTML output with a similar style replica of GitHub's markdown styling to your familiarity.
This forked project maintained by Anda Toshiki comes with the update of KaTeX components with higher style version support (this documentation uses KaTeX version 16.0, without hassels), later versions may works, but no guarantees are given by the developers, if you are not obsessed with the latest released version, 16.0 may fits your need for loading KaTeX on a personal blog site or small educational sites; yet it should work fully functionally.
Warning
Since this project is a fork of the original markdown-it-katex project that hasn't been receiving any active updates of its code source for years, the latest katex style version supported is somewhere around ver. 0.9.0 which clearly is outdated and results in broken styles with overflowing and other potential bug presents.
Math parsing in markdown is designed to comply with the "latex-in-markdown" conventions set by Pandoc,
Anything between two $ characters will be treated as TeX math. The opening $ must have a non-space character immediately to its right, while the closing $ must have a non-space character immediately to its left, and must not be followed immediately by a digit. Thus, $20,000 and $30,000 won’t parse as math. If for some reason you need to enclose text in literal $ characters, backslash-escape them and they won’t be treated as math delimiters.
KaTeX is a popular, open-source math typesetting library that is based on TeX and LaTeX. It is designed to be easy to use, and to provide high-quality mathematical typesetting for web applications, refer to the following pages of the document for the full list of function support in KaTeX.
Note
Due to the large number of equations rendered on the next following pages, it might takes time to entirely load the webpage, please be patient if the webpage seems to not respond; or it could be a result of slow network connection to correctly render all the equation that causes broken formulas, refresh the page to proceed.
This is an direct shameful copy of the documentation pulled from KaTeX documentation, I do not own any of the content below on behalf of this part of the documentation, the table might be outdated as versions migrates, please also refer to KaTeX's official documentation.
This following is a list of TeX functions supported by KaTeX. It is sorted into logical groups.
There is a similar Support Table on the next page, sorted alphabetically in am more intuitive way with the lists both supported and un-supported functions, viewing both tables are suggested comprehensibly and interchangeably is highly suggested.
KaTeX works out of the box on large screen devices such as laptops and desktop computers. But as KaTeX's built-in does not support responsiveness on it's default stylings, hence KaTeX equations might overflow out of the default width of the default application containers on small-screened mobile devices as you can see in the following image in the dev tool of chrome, when the dimension of the webpage is set to responsive or under a certain fixed device dimension, the equations rendered in KaTeX overflows out of the viewport as inspected in blue hightlight.
◎ katex overflowing on small screen devices
This inevitably causes the viewport to break and extends the default width for KaTeX equations <div> to fit, users will be required to manually scroll right in order to view the full equation consequently as follows,
◎ katex overflowing with labels annotated
The above situation is undoubtedly annoying for user experiences while reading documentation, consider at what scenarios users have to scroll, scroll and scroll only for viewing a single long-blocked equation, who would want to read such a text, right? But don't worry we have a simple fix for this situation via by several line of css.
If you happened to search over KaTeX's official repo issue tracker on GitHub, there are several user-made css tweaks hack already, the fix is simple by adjusting the overflows of both x and y axes of the KaTeX render <div> blocks. The katex-display > .katex selector targets the child element of the .katex-display class that has the .katex class. This is the element that contains the KaTeX math expression. The first block of styles is mostly concerned with making sure that the KaTeX expression doesn't overflow its container and can be scrolled horizontally if needed. The second block of styles sets the font and line-height for the KaTeX expression and makes sure that its text is properly indented.
But, the issue here is, the overflowing issue is resolved on the webpage, but the style itself left with a slight whitish "box" at the crossing corner of both horizontal as well as vertical scrollbar tracks, this might not be so explicit in the light mode of the webpage, but when it turns to dark mode, the box become annoying. Some people might say it's an easy tweak via setting the display property of the "box" element to display: none; to directly remove the box out of the page, this is a smart approach; however, while the box is gone, the two crossing tracks is going to form an untouched invisible box again against two bars without color. Thus, neither ways seems to perfectly solve the problem.
After running a quick research on Google, I found a simple hack tweak used in a theme of VuePress, vuepress-theme-hope on GitHub, the theme both integrate with KaTeX and MathJax for math supports.
Under the styles directory of the repository, several line of scss styles came across my eyes,
◎ KaTeX tweak fix styles in theme
this scss lines only add a horizontal trackbar at the bottom of each overflowing equation while maximizing the vertical height of the equation, when user is on a small screened device as follows,
◎ Horizontal scrollbar of equations on small screen
If you are running a documentation site like this version controlled via Node, especially VitePress without native scss supports, your fix would be installing scss support globally across the project, then add the scss styles and finally import the stylesheets to take effect globally.
Install global scss support using your favored package manager.
sh
$npminstall-Dscss
$npminstall-Dscss
1
sh
$yarnadd--devscss
$yarnadd--devscss
1
sh
$pnpmadd-Dscss
$pnpmadd-Dscss
1
Then in your scss stylesheets, add the following and link or import them to your global styles, you should be off to go with a complete fix-up for KaTeX.
KaTeX works out of the box on large screen devices such as laptops and desktop computers. But as KaTeX's built-in does not support responsiveness on it's default stylings, hence KaTeX equations might overflow out of the default width of the default application containers on small-screened mobile devices as you can see in the following image in the dev tool of chrome, when the dimension of the webpage is set to responsive or under a certain fixed device dimension, the equations rendered in KaTeX overflows out of the viewport as inspected in blue hightlight.
◎ katex overflowing on small screen devices
This inevitably causes the viewport to break and extends the default width for KaTeX equations <div> to fit, users will be required to manually scroll right in order to view the full equation consequently as follows,
◎ katex overflowing with labels annotated
The above situation is undoubtedly annoying for user experiences while reading documentation, consider at what scenarios users have to scroll, scroll and scroll only for viewing a single long-blocked equation, who would want to read such a text, right? But don't worry we have a simple fix for this situation via by several line of css.
If you happened to search over KaTeX's official repo issue tracker on GitHub, there are several user-made css tweaks hack already, the fix is simple by adjusting the overflows of both x and y axes of the KaTeX render <div> blocks. The katex-display > .katex selector targets the child element of the .katex-display class that has the .katex class. This is the element that contains the KaTeX math expression. The first block of styles is mostly concerned with making sure that the KaTeX expression doesn't overflow its container and can be scrolled horizontally if needed. The second block of styles sets the font and line-height for the KaTeX expression and makes sure that its text is properly indented.
But, the issue here is, the overflowing issue is resolved on the webpage, but the style itself left with a slight whitish "box" at the crossing corner of both horizontal as well as vertical scrollbar tracks, this might not be so explicit in the light mode of the webpage, but when it turns to dark mode, the box become annoying. Some people might say it's an easy tweak via setting the display property of the "box" element to display: none; to directly remove the box out of the page, this is a smart approach; however, while the box is gone, the two crossing tracks is going to form an untouched invisible box again against two bars without color. Thus, neither ways seems to perfectly solve the problem.
After running a quick research on Google, I found a simple hack tweak used in a theme of VuePress, vuepress-theme-hope on GitHub, the theme both integrate with KaTeX and MathJax for math supports.
Under the styles directory of the repository, several line of scss styles came across my eyes,
◎ KaTeX tweak fix styles in theme
this scss lines only add a horizontal trackbar at the bottom of each overflowing equation while maximizing the vertical height of the equation, when user is on a small screened device as follows,
◎ Horizontal scrollbar of equations on small screen
If you are running a documentation site like this version controlled via Node, especially VitePress without native scss supports, your fix would be installing scss support globally across the project, then add the scss styles and finally import the stylesheets to take effect globally.
Install global scss support using your favored package manager.
sh
$npminstall-Dscss
$npminstall-Dscss
1
sh
$yarnadd--devscss
$yarnadd--devscss
1
sh
$pnpmadd-Dscss
$pnpmadd-Dscss
1
Then in your scss stylesheets, add the following and link or import them to your global styles, you should be off to go with a complete fix-up for KaTeX.
-
diff --git a/assets/academic_chemistry_index.md.b278845a.js b/assets/academic_chemistry_index.md.68150e0c.js
similarity index 90%
rename from assets/academic_chemistry_index.md.b278845a.js
rename to assets/academic_chemistry_index.md.68150e0c.js
index 235bfd7d..2182d603 100644
--- a/assets/academic_chemistry_index.md.b278845a.js
+++ b/assets/academic_chemistry_index.md.68150e0c.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as t,c as a,o as c,z as e,a as o}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const x=JSON.parse('{"title":"Welcome to Chemistry","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"academic/chemistry/index.md","filePath":"academic/chemistry/index.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),s={name:"academic/chemistry/index.md"},r=e("h1",{id:"welcome-to-chemistry",tabindex:"-1"},[o("Welcome to Chemistry "),e("a",{class:"header-anchor",href:"#welcome-to-chemistry","aria-label":'Permalink to "Welcome to Chemistry"'},"")],-1),i=[r];function d(m,n,l,h,_,p){return c(),a("div",null,i)}const y=t(s,[["render",d]]);export{x as __pageData,y as default};
+import{_ as t,c as a,o as c,z as e,a as o}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const x=JSON.parse('{"title":"Welcome to Chemistry","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"academic/chemistry/index.md","filePath":"academic/chemistry/index.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),s={name:"academic/chemistry/index.md"},r=e("h1",{id:"welcome-to-chemistry",tabindex:"-1"},[o("Welcome to Chemistry "),e("a",{class:"header-anchor",href:"#welcome-to-chemistry","aria-label":'Permalink to "Welcome to Chemistry"'},"")],-1),i=[r];function d(m,n,l,h,_,p){return c(),a("div",null,i)}const y=t(s,[["render",d]]);export{x as __pageData,y as default};
diff --git a/assets/academic_chemistry_index.md.b278845a.lean.js b/assets/academic_chemistry_index.md.68150e0c.lean.js
similarity index 90%
rename from assets/academic_chemistry_index.md.b278845a.lean.js
rename to assets/academic_chemistry_index.md.68150e0c.lean.js
index 235bfd7d..2182d603 100644
--- a/assets/academic_chemistry_index.md.b278845a.lean.js
+++ b/assets/academic_chemistry_index.md.68150e0c.lean.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as t,c as a,o as c,z as e,a as o}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const x=JSON.parse('{"title":"Welcome to Chemistry","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"academic/chemistry/index.md","filePath":"academic/chemistry/index.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),s={name:"academic/chemistry/index.md"},r=e("h1",{id:"welcome-to-chemistry",tabindex:"-1"},[o("Welcome to Chemistry "),e("a",{class:"header-anchor",href:"#welcome-to-chemistry","aria-label":'Permalink to "Welcome to Chemistry"'},"")],-1),i=[r];function d(m,n,l,h,_,p){return c(),a("div",null,i)}const y=t(s,[["render",d]]);export{x as __pageData,y as default};
+import{_ as t,c as a,o as c,z as e,a as o}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const x=JSON.parse('{"title":"Welcome to Chemistry","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"academic/chemistry/index.md","filePath":"academic/chemistry/index.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),s={name:"academic/chemistry/index.md"},r=e("h1",{id:"welcome-to-chemistry",tabindex:"-1"},[o("Welcome to Chemistry "),e("a",{class:"header-anchor",href:"#welcome-to-chemistry","aria-label":'Permalink to "Welcome to Chemistry"'},"")],-1),i=[r];function d(m,n,l,h,_,p){return c(),a("div",null,i)}const y=t(s,[["render",d]]);export{x as __pageData,y as default};
diff --git a/assets/academic_chemistry_notes_12-5.md.3bb6ed4f.js b/assets/academic_chemistry_notes_12-5.md.868e3d6a.js
similarity index 99%
rename from assets/academic_chemistry_notes_12-5.md.3bb6ed4f.js
rename to assets/academic_chemistry_notes_12-5.md.868e3d6a.js
index ac03a21b..df7707ae 100644
--- a/assets/academic_chemistry_notes_12-5.md.3bb6ed4f.js
+++ b/assets/academic_chemistry_notes_12-5.md.868e3d6a.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as t,c as l,o as e,R as n,z as s,a}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const ls=JSON.parse('{"title":"12-5: Reaction Mechanism","description":"","frontmatter":{"title":"12-5: Reaction Mechanism","editLink":true,"lastUpdated":true,"showArticleMetadata":true,"categories":["Chemistry"],"tags":["Java","JVM"]},"headers":[],"relativePath":"academic/chemistry/notes/12-5.md","filePath":"academic/chemistry/notes/12-5.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),m={name:"academic/chemistry/notes/12-5.md"},i=n('
One of the major reasons for studying chemical kinetics is to use measurements of the macroscopic properties of a system, such as the rate of change in the concentration of reactants or products with time, to discover the sequence of events that occur at the molecular level during a reaction. This molecular description is the mechanism of the reaction; it describes how individual atoms, ions, or molecules interact to form particular products. The stepwise changes are collectively called the reaction mechanism.
In an internal combustion engine, for example, isooctane reacts with oxygen to give carbon dioxide and water:
',4),r=s("p",{class:"katex-block"},[s("span",{class:"katex-display"},[s("span",{class:"katex"},[s("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[s("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",display:"block"},[s("semantics",null,[s("mrow",null,[s("mn",null,"2"),s("msub",null,[s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"C"),s("mn",null,"8")]),s("msub",null,[s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"H"),s("mn",null,"18")]),s("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"("),s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"l"),s("mo",{stretchy:"false"},")"),s("mo",null,"+"),s("mn",null,"25"),s("msub",null,[s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"O"),s("mn",null,"2")]),s("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"("),s("mrow",null,[s("mtext",null," "),s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"g")]),s("mo",{stretchy:"false"},")"),s("mo",null,"⟶"),s("mn",null,"16"),s("msub",null,[s("mrow",null,[s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"C"),s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"O")]),s("mn",null,"2")]),s("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"("),s("mrow",null,[s("mtext",null," "),s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"g")]),s("mo",{stretchy:"false"},")"),s("mo",null,"+"),s("mn",null,"18"),s("msub",null,[s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"H"),s("mn",null,"2")]),s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"O"),s("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"("),s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"g"),s("mo",{stretchy:"false"},")")]),s("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"2 \\mathrm{C}_{8} \\mathrm{H}_{18}(\\mathrm{l})+25 \\mathrm{O}_{2}(\\mathrm{~g}) \\longrightarrow 16 \\mathrm{CO}_{2}(\\mathrm{~g})+18 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}(\\mathrm{g}) ")])])]),s("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[s("span",{class:"base"},[s("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"1em","vertical-align":"-0.25em"}}),s("span",{class:"mord"},"2"),s("span",{class:"mord"},[s("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"C"),s("span",{class:"msupsub"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-t 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reset-size6 size3 mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},"2")])])])]),s("span",{class:"vlist-s"},"")]),s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.15em"}},[s("span")])])])])]),s("span",{class:"mopen"},"("),s("span",{class:"mord"},[s("span",{class:"mspace nobreak"}," "),s("span",{class:"mord mathrm",style:{"margin-right":"0.01389em"}},"g")]),s("span",{class:"mclose"},")"),s("span",{class:"mspace",style:{"margin-right":"0.2222em"}}),s("span",{class:"mbin"},"+"),s("span",{class:"mspace",style:{"margin-right":"0.2222em"}})]),s("span",{class:"base"},[s("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"1em","vertical-align":"-0.25em"}}),s("span",{class:"mord"},"18"),s("span",{class:"mord"},[s("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"H"),s("span",{class:"msupsub"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-t 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It is more likely that a complex series of reactions takes place in a stepwise fashion. Each individual reaction, which is called an elementary reaction, involves one, two, or (rarely) three atoms, molecules, or ions. The overall sequence of elementary reactions is the mechanism of the reaction. The sum of the individual steps, or elementary reactions, in the mechanism must give the balanced chemical equation for the overall reaction.",-1),p=s("p",null,"The overall sequence of elementary reactions is the mechanism of the reaction.",-1),h=s("h2",{id:"_12-5-2-molecularity-and-the-rate-determining-step",tabindex:"-1"},[a("12-5-2: Molecularity and the Rate-Determining Step "),s("a",{class:"header-anchor",href:"#_12-5-2-molecularity-and-the-rate-determining-step","aria-label":'Permalink to "12-5-2: Molecularity and the Rate-Determining Step"'},"")],-1),o=s("p",null,"To demonstrate how the analysis of elementary reactions helps us determine the overall reaction mechanism, we will examine the much simpler reaction of carbon monoxide with nitrogen dioxide.",-1),g=s("p",{class:"katex-block"},[s("span",{class:"katex-display"},[s("span",{class:"katex"},[s("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[s("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",display:"block"},[s("semantics",null,[s("mrow",null,[s("mn",null,"2"),s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"C"),s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"O"),s("mo",null,"+"),s("mn",null,"2"),s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"N"),s("msub",null,[s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"O"),s("mn",null,"2")]),s("mo",null,"→"),s("mn",null,"2"),s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"C"),s("msub",null,[s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"O"),s("mn",null,"2")]),s("mo",null,"+"),s("msub",null,[s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"N"),s("mn",null,"2")]),s("msub",null,[s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"O"),s("mn",null,"4")])]),s("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"\\mathrm{2CO + 2NO_2 \\rightarrow 2CO_2 + N_2O_4} 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Hence this mechanism, with "),s("span",{class:"katex"},[s("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[s("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[s("semantics",null,[s("mrow",null,[s("msub",null,[s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"N"),s("mn",null,"2")]),s("msub",null,[s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"O"),s("mn",null,"4")])]),s("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"\\mathrm{N}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{4}")])])]),s("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[s("span",{class:"base"},[s("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.8333em","vertical-align":"-0.15em"}}),s("span",{class:"mord"},[s("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"N"),s("span",{class:"msupsub"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-t vlist-t2"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.3011em"}},[s("span",{style:{top:"-2.55em","margin-left":"0em","margin-right":"0.05em"}},[s("span",{class:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}}),s("span",{class:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},"2")])])])]),s("span",{class:"vlist-s"},"")]),s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.15em"}},[s("span")])])])])]),s("span",{class:"mord"},[s("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"O"),s("span",{class:"msupsub"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-t vlist-t2"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.3011em"}},[s("span",{style:{top:"-2.55em","margin-left":"0em","margin-right":"0.05em"}},[s("span",{class:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}}),s("span",{class:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},"4")])])])]),s("span",{class:"vlist-s"},"")]),s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.15em"}},[s("span")])])])])])])])]),a(" as an intermediate, and the one described previously, with "),s("span",{class:"katex"},[s("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[s("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[s("semantics",null,[s("mrow",null,[s("msub",null,[s("mrow",null,[s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"N"),s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"O")]),s("mn",null,"3")])]),s("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"\\mathrm{NO}_{3}")])])]),s("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[s("span",{class:"base"},[s("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.8333em","vertical-align":"-0.15em"}}),s("span",{class:"mord"},[s("span",{class:"mord"},[s("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"NO")]),s("span",{class:"msupsub"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-t vlist-t2"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.3011em"}},[s("span",{style:{top:"-2.55em","margin-right":"0.05em"}},[s("span",{class:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}}),s("span",{class:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},"3")])])])]),s("span",{class:"vlist-s"},"")]),s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.15em"}},[s("span")])])])])])])])]),a(" as an intermediate, are kinetically indistinguishable. In this case, further experiments are needed to distinguish between them. For example, the researcher could try to detect the proposed intermediates, "),s("span",{class:"katex"},[s("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[s("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[s("semantics",null,[s("mrow",null,[s("msub",null,[s("mrow",null,[s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"N"),s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"O")]),s("mn",null,"3")])]),s("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"\\mathrm{NO}_{3}")])])]),s("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[s("span",{class:"base"},[s("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.8333em","vertical-align":"-0.15em"}}),s("span",{class:"mord"},[s("span",{class:"mord"},[s("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"NO")]),s("span",{class:"msupsub"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-t vlist-t2"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.3011em"}},[s("span",{style:{top:"-2.55em","margin-right":"0.05em"}},[s("span",{class:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}}),s("span",{class:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},"3")])])])]),s("span",{class:"vlist-s"},"")]),s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.15em"}},[s("span")])])])])])])])]),a(" and "),s("span",{class:"katex"},[s("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[s("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[s("semantics",null,[s("mrow",null,[s("msub",null,[s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"N"),s("mn",null,"2")]),s("msub",null,[s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"O"),s("mn",null,"4")])]),s("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"\\mathrm{N}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{4}")])])]),s("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[s("span",{class:"base"},[s("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.8333em","vertical-align":"-0.15em"}}),s("span",{class:"mord"},[s("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"N"),s("span",{class:"msupsub"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-t vlist-t2"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.3011em"}},[s("span",{style:{top:"-2.55em","margin-left":"0em","margin-right":"0.05em"}},[s("span",{class:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}}),s("span",{class:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},"2")])])])]),s("span",{class:"vlist-s"},"")]),s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.15em"}},[s("span")])])])])]),s("span",{class:"mord"},[s("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"O"),s("span",{class:"msupsub"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-t vlist-t2"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.3011em"}},[s("span",{style:{top:"-2.55em","margin-left":"0em","margin-right":"0.05em"}},[s("span",{class:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}}),s("span",{class:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},"4")])])])]),s("span",{class:"vlist-s"},"")]),s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.15em"}},[s("span")])])])])])])])]),a(", directly.")])],-1),G=[i,r,c,p,h,o,g,u,d,v,y,w,x,b,k,f,z,O,_,M,N,C,L,A,T,B,R,q,I,S,P,D,E,F,H,V,j,U,$,J,W];function Y(K,Q,X,Z,ss,as){return e(),l("div",null,G)}const es=t(m,[["render",Y]]);export{ls as __pageData,es as default};
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One of the major reasons for studying chemical kinetics is to use measurements of the macroscopic properties of a system, such as the rate of change in the concentration of reactants or products with time, to discover the sequence of events that occur at the molecular level during a reaction. This molecular description is the mechanism of the reaction; it describes how individual atoms, ions, or molecules interact to form particular products. The stepwise changes are collectively called the reaction mechanism.
In an internal combustion engine, for example, isooctane reacts with oxygen to give carbon dioxide and water:
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It is more likely that a complex series of reactions takes place in a stepwise fashion. Each individual reaction, which is called an elementary reaction, involves one, two, or (rarely) three atoms, molecules, or ions. The overall sequence of elementary reactions is the mechanism of the reaction. The sum of the individual steps, or elementary reactions, in the mechanism must give the balanced chemical equation for the overall reaction.",-1),p=s("p",null,"The overall sequence of elementary reactions is the mechanism of the reaction.",-1),h=s("h2",{id:"_12-5-2-molecularity-and-the-rate-determining-step",tabindex:"-1"},[a("12-5-2: Molecularity and the Rate-Determining Step "),s("a",{class:"header-anchor",href:"#_12-5-2-molecularity-and-the-rate-determining-step","aria-label":'Permalink to "12-5-2: Molecularity and the Rate-Determining Step"'},"")],-1),o=s("p",null,"To demonstrate how the analysis of elementary reactions helps us determine the overall reaction mechanism, we will examine the much simpler reaction of carbon monoxide with nitrogen 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Hence this mechanism, with "),s("span",{class:"katex"},[s("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[s("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[s("semantics",null,[s("mrow",null,[s("msub",null,[s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"N"),s("mn",null,"2")]),s("msub",null,[s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"O"),s("mn",null,"4")])]),s("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"\\mathrm{N}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{4}")])])]),s("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[s("span",{class:"base"},[s("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.8333em","vertical-align":"-0.15em"}}),s("span",{class:"mord"},[s("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"N"),s("span",{class:"msupsub"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-t vlist-t2"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.3011em"}},[s("span",{style:{top:"-2.55em","margin-left":"0em","margin-right":"0.05em"}},[s("span",{class:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}}),s("span",{class:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},"2")])])])]),s("span",{class:"vlist-s"},"")]),s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.15em"}},[s("span")])])])])]),s("span",{class:"mord"},[s("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"O"),s("span",{class:"msupsub"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-t vlist-t2"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.3011em"}},[s("span",{style:{top:"-2.55em","margin-left":"0em","margin-right":"0.05em"}},[s("span",{class:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}}),s("span",{class:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},"4")])])])]),s("span",{class:"vlist-s"},"")]),s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.15em"}},[s("span")])])])])])])])]),a(" as an intermediate, and the one described previously, with "),s("span",{class:"katex"},[s("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[s("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[s("semantics",null,[s("mrow",null,[s("msub",null,[s("mrow",null,[s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"N"),s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"O")]),s("mn",null,"3")])]),s("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"\\mathrm{NO}_{3}")])])]),s("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[s("span",{class:"base"},[s("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.8333em","vertical-align":"-0.15em"}}),s("span",{class:"mord"},[s("span",{class:"mord"},[s("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"NO")]),s("span",{class:"msupsub"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-t vlist-t2"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.3011em"}},[s("span",{style:{top:"-2.55em","margin-right":"0.05em"}},[s("span",{class:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}}),s("span",{class:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},"3")])])])]),s("span",{class:"vlist-s"},"")]),s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.15em"}},[s("span")])])])])])])])]),a(" as an intermediate, are kinetically indistinguishable. 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diff --git a/assets/academic_chemistry_notes_12-5.md.3bb6ed4f.lean.js b/assets/academic_chemistry_notes_12-5.md.868e3d6a.lean.js
similarity index 99%
rename from assets/academic_chemistry_notes_12-5.md.3bb6ed4f.lean.js
rename to assets/academic_chemistry_notes_12-5.md.868e3d6a.lean.js
index d660af80..ca9715c5 100644
--- a/assets/academic_chemistry_notes_12-5.md.3bb6ed4f.lean.js
+++ b/assets/academic_chemistry_notes_12-5.md.868e3d6a.lean.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
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Hence this mechanism, with "),s("span",{class:"katex"},[s("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[s("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[s("semantics",null,[s("mrow",null,[s("msub",null,[s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"N"),s("mn",null,"2")]),s("msub",null,[s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"O"),s("mn",null,"4")])]),s("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"\\mathrm{N}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{4}")])])]),s("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[s("span",{class:"base"},[s("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.8333em","vertical-align":"-0.15em"}}),s("span",{class:"mord"},[s("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"N"),s("span",{class:"msupsub"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-t vlist-t2"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.3011em"}},[s("span",{style:{top:"-2.55em","margin-left":"0em","margin-right":"0.05em"}},[s("span",{class:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}}),s("span",{class:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},"2")])])])]),s("span",{class:"vlist-s"},"")]),s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.15em"}},[s("span")])])])])]),s("span",{class:"mord"},[s("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"O"),s("span",{class:"msupsub"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-t vlist-t2"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.3011em"}},[s("span",{style:{top:"-2.55em","margin-left":"0em","margin-right":"0.05em"}},[s("span",{class:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}}),s("span",{class:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},"4")])])])]),s("span",{class:"vlist-s"},"")]),s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.15em"}},[s("span")])])])])])])])]),a(" as an intermediate, and the one described previously, with "),s("span",{class:"katex"},[s("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[s("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[s("semantics",null,[s("mrow",null,[s("msub",null,[s("mrow",null,[s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"N"),s("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"O")]),s("mn",null,"3")])]),s("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"\\mathrm{NO}_{3}")])])]),s("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[s("span",{class:"base"},[s("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.8333em","vertical-align":"-0.15em"}}),s("span",{class:"mord"},[s("span",{class:"mord"},[s("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"NO")]),s("span",{class:"msupsub"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-t vlist-t2"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.3011em"}},[s("span",{style:{top:"-2.55em","margin-right":"0.05em"}},[s("span",{class:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}}),s("span",{class:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},"3")])])])]),s("span",{class:"vlist-s"},"")]),s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.15em"}},[s("span")])])])])])])])]),a(" as an intermediate, are kinetically indistinguishable. 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It is more likely that a complex series of reactions takes place in a stepwise fashion. Each individual reaction, which is called an elementary reaction, involves one, two, or (rarely) three atoms, molecules, or ions. The overall sequence of elementary reactions is the mechanism of the reaction. The sum of the individual steps, or elementary reactions, in the mechanism must give the balanced chemical equation for the overall reaction.",-1),p=s("p",null,"The overall sequence of elementary reactions is the mechanism of the reaction.",-1),h=s("h2",{id:"_12-5-2-molecularity-and-the-rate-determining-step",tabindex:"-1"},[a("12-5-2: Molecularity and the Rate-Determining Step "),s("a",{class:"header-anchor",href:"#_12-5-2-molecularity-and-the-rate-determining-step","aria-label":'Permalink to "12-5-2: Molecularity and the Rate-Determining Step"'},"")],-1),o=s("p",null,"To demonstrate how the analysis of elementary reactions helps us determine the overall reaction mechanism, we will examine the much simpler reaction of carbon monoxide with nitrogen 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diff --git a/assets/academic_chemistry_problems_02-20.md.b3030223.js b/assets/academic_chemistry_problems_02-20.md.be54d4d4.js
similarity index 99%
rename from assets/academic_chemistry_problems_02-20.md.b3030223.js
rename to assets/academic_chemistry_problems_02-20.md.be54d4d4.js
index 52c12caa..f33c28ae 100644
--- a/assets/academic_chemistry_problems_02-20.md.b3030223.js
+++ b/assets/academic_chemistry_problems_02-20.md.be54d4d4.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
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similarity index 99%
rename from assets/academic_chemistry_problems_02-20.md.b3030223.lean.js
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diff --git a/assets/academic_chemistry_problems_03-02-1.md.48a30247.js b/assets/academic_chemistry_problems_03-02-1.md.f64209c3.js
similarity index 99%
rename from assets/academic_chemistry_problems_03-02-1.md.48a30247.js
rename to assets/academic_chemistry_problems_03-02-1.md.f64209c3.js
index 5c07541f..8563583d 100644
--- a/assets/academic_chemistry_problems_03-02-1.md.48a30247.js
+++ b/assets/academic_chemistry_problems_03-02-1.md.f64209c3.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
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similarity index 99%
rename from assets/academic_chemistry_problems_03-02-1.md.48a30247.lean.js
rename to assets/academic_chemistry_problems_03-02-1.md.f64209c3.lean.js
index 5c07541f..8563583d 100644
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diff --git a/assets/academic_chemistry_problems_03-02-2.md.b31640bd.js b/assets/academic_chemistry_problems_03-02-2.md.0af2d55e.js
similarity index 99%
rename from assets/academic_chemistry_problems_03-02-2.md.b31640bd.js
rename to assets/academic_chemistry_problems_03-02-2.md.0af2d55e.js
index b3f7d722..8a5f69dd 100644
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+++ b/assets/academic_chemistry_problems_03-02-2.md.0af2d55e.js
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diff --git a/assets/academic_chemistry_problems_03-02-2.md.b31640bd.lean.js b/assets/academic_chemistry_problems_03-02-2.md.0af2d55e.lean.js
similarity index 99%
rename from assets/academic_chemistry_problems_03-02-2.md.b31640bd.lean.js
rename to assets/academic_chemistry_problems_03-02-2.md.0af2d55e.lean.js
index b3f7d722..8a5f69dd 100644
--- a/assets/academic_chemistry_problems_03-02-2.md.b31640bd.lean.js
+++ b/assets/academic_chemistry_problems_03-02-2.md.0af2d55e.lean.js
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diff --git a/assets/academic_chemistry_problems_03-02-3.md.3d03f145.js b/assets/academic_chemistry_problems_03-02-3.md.2bd232f3.js
similarity index 99%
rename from assets/academic_chemistry_problems_03-02-3.md.3d03f145.js
rename to assets/academic_chemistry_problems_03-02-3.md.2bd232f3.js
index 69f9ce5b..40d35fcc 100644
--- a/assets/academic_chemistry_problems_03-02-3.md.3d03f145.js
+++ b/assets/academic_chemistry_problems_03-02-3.md.2bd232f3.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
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reaction represented above is found to be second order with respect to "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"X")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"\\mathrm{X}")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"X")])])]),s(" and first order with respect to "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"Y")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"\\mathrm{Y}")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),a("span",{class:"mord 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"),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"["),a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"Y"),a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"]")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"[\\mathrm{Y}]")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"1em","vertical-align":"-0.25em"}}),a("span",{class:"mopen"},"["),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm",style:{"margin-right":"0.025em"}},"Y"),a("span",{class:"mclose"},"]")])])]),s(" is doubled?")],-1),p=n('
',2),d=a("p",null,[s("To solve this problem, let's first write out the rate law for the reaction. According to the text, the reaction is second order with respect to "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"X")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"\\mathrm{X}")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"X")])])]),s(" and first order with respect to "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"Y")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"\\mathrm{Y}")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm",style:{"margin-right":"0.025em"}},"Y")])])]),s(", so the rate law is rate "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mo",null,"="),a("mi",null,"k"),a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"["),a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"X"),a("msup",null,[a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"]"),a("mn",null,"2")]),a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"["),a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"Y"),a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"]")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"=k[\\mathrm{X}]^2[\\mathrm{Y}]")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.3669em"}}),a("span",{class:"mrel"},"="),a("span",{class:"mspace",style:{"margin-right":"0.2778em"}})]),a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"1.0641em","vertical-align":"-0.25em"}}),a("span",{class:"mord mathnormal",style:{"margin-right":"0.03148em"}},"k"),a("span",{class:"mopen"},"["),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"X"),a("span",{class:"mclose"},[a("span",{class:"mclose"},"]"),a("span",{class:"msupsub"},[a("span",{class:"vlist-t"},[a("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[a("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.8141em"}},[a("span",{style:{top:"-3.063em","margin-right":"0.05em"}},[a("span",{class:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}}),a("span",{class:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"},[a("span",{class:"mord mtight"},"2")])])])])])])]),a("span",{class:"mopen"},"["),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm",style:{"margin-right":"0.025em"}},"Y"),a("span",{class:"mclose"},"]")])])])],-1),g=a("p",null,[s("Now, let's think about how the rate changes when "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"["),a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"X"),a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"]")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"[\\mathrm{X}]")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"1em","vertical-align":"-0.25em"}}),a("span",{class:"mopen"},"["),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"X"),a("span",{class:"mclose"},"]")])])]),s(" is halved and "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"["),a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"Y"),a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"]")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"[\\mathrm{Y}]")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"1em","vertical-align":"-0.25em"}}),a("span",{class:"mopen"},"["),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm",style:{"margin-right":"0.025em"}},"Y"),a("span",{class:"mclose"},"]")])])]),s(" is doubled. Since "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"["),a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"X"),a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"]")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"[\\mathrm{X}]")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"1em","vertical-align":"-0.25em"}}),a("span",{class:"mopen"},"["),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"X"),a("span",{class:"mclose"},"]")])])]),s(" is raised to the second power in the rate law, halving "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"["),a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"X"),a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"]")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"[\\mathrm{X}]")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"1em","vertical-align":"-0.25em"}}),a("span",{class:"mopen"},"["),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"X"),a("span",{class:"mclose"},"]")])])]),s(" decreases the reaction rate by a factor of 4 . 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reaction represented above is found to be second order with respect to "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"X")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"\\mathrm{X}")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"X")])])]),s(" and first order with respect to "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"Y")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"\\mathrm{Y}")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),a("span",{class:"mord 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Since "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"["),a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"X"),a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"]")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"[\\mathrm{X}]")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"1em","vertical-align":"-0.25em"}}),a("span",{class:"mopen"},"["),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"X"),a("span",{class:"mclose"},"]")])])]),s(" is raised to the second power in the rate law, halving "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"["),a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"X"),a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"]")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"[\\mathrm{X}]")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"1em","vertical-align":"-0.25em"}}),a("span",{class:"mopen"},"["),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"X"),a("span",{class:"mclose"},"]")])])]),s(" decreases the reaction rate by a factor of 4 . 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diff --git a/assets/academic_chemistry_problems_03-02-3.md.3d03f145.lean.js b/assets/academic_chemistry_problems_03-02-3.md.2bd232f3.lean.js
similarity index 99%
rename from assets/academic_chemistry_problems_03-02-3.md.3d03f145.lean.js
rename to assets/academic_chemistry_problems_03-02-3.md.2bd232f3.lean.js
index 7124c5a8..6bd0cd53 100644
--- a/assets/academic_chemistry_problems_03-02-3.md.3d03f145.lean.js
+++ b/assets/academic_chemistry_problems_03-02-3.md.2bd232f3.lean.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
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According to the text, the reaction is second order with respect to "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"X")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"\\mathrm{X}")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"X")])])]),s(" and first order with respect to "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"Y")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"\\mathrm{Y}")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm",style:{"margin-right":"0.025em"}},"Y")])])]),s(", so the rate law is rate "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mo",null,"="),a("mi",null,"k"),a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"["),a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"X"),a("msup",null,[a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"]"),a("mn",null,"2")]),a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"["),a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"Y"),a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"]")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"=k[\\mathrm{X}]^2[\\mathrm{Y}]")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.3669em"}}),a("span",{class:"mrel"},"="),a("span",{class:"mspace",style:{"margin-right":"0.2778em"}})]),a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"1.0641em","vertical-align":"-0.25em"}}),a("span",{class:"mord mathnormal",style:{"margin-right":"0.03148em"}},"k"),a("span",{class:"mopen"},"["),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"X"),a("span",{class:"mclose"},[a("span",{class:"mclose"},"]"),a("span",{class:"msupsub"},[a("span",{class:"vlist-t"},[a("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[a("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.8141em"}},[a("span",{style:{top:"-3.063em","margin-right":"0.05em"}},[a("span",{class:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}}),a("span",{class:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"},[a("span",{class:"mord mtight"},"2")])])])])])])]),a("span",{class:"mopen"},"["),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm",style:{"margin-right":"0.025em"}},"Y"),a("span",{class:"mclose"},"]")])])])],-1),g=a("p",null,[s("Now, let's think about how the rate changes when "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"["),a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"X"),a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"]")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"[\\mathrm{X}]")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"1em","vertical-align":"-0.25em"}}),a("span",{class:"mopen"},"["),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"X"),a("span",{class:"mclose"},"]")])])]),s(" is halved and "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"["),a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"Y"),a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"]")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"[\\mathrm{Y}]")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"1em","vertical-align":"-0.25em"}}),a("span",{class:"mopen"},"["),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm",style:{"margin-right":"0.025em"}},"Y"),a("span",{class:"mclose"},"]")])])]),s(" is doubled. 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Similarly, since "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"["),a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"Y"),a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"]")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"[\\mathrm{Y}]")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"1em","vertical-align":"-0.25em"}}),a("span",{class:"mopen"},"["),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm",style:{"margin-right":"0.025em"}},"Y"),a("span",{class:"mclose"},"]")])])]),s(" is raised to the first power, doubling "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"["),a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"Y"),a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"]")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"[\\mathrm{Y}]")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"1em","vertical-align":"-0.25em"}}),a("span",{class:"mopen"},"["),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm",style:{"margin-right":"0.025em"}},"Y"),a("span",{class:"mclose"},"]")])])]),s(" increases the reaction rate by a factor of 2 . Combined, these changes result in the reaction rate decreasing by a factor of 2 overall. So, when "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"["),a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"X"),a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"]")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"[\\mathrm{X}]")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"1em","vertical-align":"-0.25em"}}),a("span",{class:"mopen"},"["),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"X"),a("span",{class:"mclose"},"]")])])]),s(" is halved and "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"["),a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"Y"),a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"]")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"[\\mathrm{Y}]")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"1em","vertical-align":"-0.25em"}}),a("span",{class:"mopen"},"["),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm",style:{"margin-right":"0.025em"}},"Y"),a("span",{class:"mclose"},"]")])])]),s(" is doubled, the rate of the reaction decreases by a factor of 2 .")],-1),u=[r,c,i,o,h,p,d,g];function x(w,y,k,b,f,M){return l(),e("div",null,u)}const X=t(m,[["render",x]]);export{_ as __pageData,X as default};
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reaction represented above is found to be second order with respect to "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"X")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"\\mathrm{X}")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"X")])])]),s(" and first order with respect to "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"Y")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"\\mathrm{Y}")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),a("span",{class:"mord 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"),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"["),a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"Y"),a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"]")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"[\\mathrm{Y}]")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"1em","vertical-align":"-0.25em"}}),a("span",{class:"mopen"},"["),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm",style:{"margin-right":"0.025em"}},"Y"),a("span",{class:"mclose"},"]")])])]),s(" is doubled?")],-1),p=n("",2),d=a("p",null,[s("To solve this problem, let's first write out the rate law for the reaction. According to the text, the reaction is second order with respect to "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"X")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"\\mathrm{X}")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"X")])])]),s(" and first order with respect to "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"Y")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"\\mathrm{Y}")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm",style:{"margin-right":"0.025em"}},"Y")])])]),s(", so the rate law is rate "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mo",null,"="),a("mi",null,"k"),a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"["),a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"X"),a("msup",null,[a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"]"),a("mn",null,"2")]),a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"["),a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"Y"),a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"]")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"=k[\\mathrm{X}]^2[\\mathrm{Y}]")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.3669em"}}),a("span",{class:"mrel"},"="),a("span",{class:"mspace",style:{"margin-right":"0.2778em"}})]),a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"1.0641em","vertical-align":"-0.25em"}}),a("span",{class:"mord mathnormal",style:{"margin-right":"0.03148em"}},"k"),a("span",{class:"mopen"},"["),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"X"),a("span",{class:"mclose"},[a("span",{class:"mclose"},"]"),a("span",{class:"msupsub"},[a("span",{class:"vlist-t"},[a("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[a("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.8141em"}},[a("span",{style:{top:"-3.063em","margin-right":"0.05em"}},[a("span",{class:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}}),a("span",{class:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"},[a("span",{class:"mord mtight"},"2")])])])])])])]),a("span",{class:"mopen"},"["),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm",style:{"margin-right":"0.025em"}},"Y"),a("span",{class:"mclose"},"]")])])])],-1),g=a("p",null,[s("Now, let's think about how the rate changes when "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"["),a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"X"),a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"]")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"[\\mathrm{X}]")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"1em","vertical-align":"-0.25em"}}),a("span",{class:"mopen"},"["),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"X"),a("span",{class:"mclose"},"]")])])]),s(" is halved and "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"["),a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"Y"),a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"]")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"[\\mathrm{Y}]")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"1em","vertical-align":"-0.25em"}}),a("span",{class:"mopen"},"["),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm",style:{"margin-right":"0.025em"}},"Y"),a("span",{class:"mclose"},"]")])])]),s(" is doubled. Since "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"["),a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"X"),a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"]")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"[\\mathrm{X}]")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"1em","vertical-align":"-0.25em"}}),a("span",{class:"mopen"},"["),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"X"),a("span",{class:"mclose"},"]")])])]),s(" is raised to the second power in the rate law, halving "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"["),a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"X"),a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"]")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"[\\mathrm{X}]")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"1em","vertical-align":"-0.25em"}}),a("span",{class:"mopen"},"["),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"X"),a("span",{class:"mclose"},"]")])])]),s(" decreases the reaction rate by a factor of 4 . Similarly, since "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"["),a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"Y"),a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"]")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"[\\mathrm{Y}]")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"1em","vertical-align":"-0.25em"}}),a("span",{class:"mopen"},"["),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm",style:{"margin-right":"0.025em"}},"Y"),a("span",{class:"mclose"},"]")])])]),s(" is raised to the first power, doubling "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"["),a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"Y"),a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"]")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"[\\mathrm{Y}]")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"1em","vertical-align":"-0.25em"}}),a("span",{class:"mopen"},"["),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm",style:{"margin-right":"0.025em"}},"Y"),a("span",{class:"mclose"},"]")])])]),s(" increases the reaction rate by a factor of 2 . Combined, these changes result in the reaction rate decreasing by a factor of 2 overall. So, when "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"["),a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"X"),a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"]")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"[\\mathrm{X}]")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"1em","vertical-align":"-0.25em"}}),a("span",{class:"mopen"},"["),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm"},"X"),a("span",{class:"mclose"},"]")])])]),s(" is halved and "),a("span",{class:"katex"},[a("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[a("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[a("semantics",null,[a("mrow",null,[a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"["),a("mi",{mathvariant:"normal"},"Y"),a("mo",{stretchy:"false"},"]")]),a("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"[\\mathrm{Y}]")])])]),a("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[a("span",{class:"base"},[a("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"1em","vertical-align":"-0.25em"}}),a("span",{class:"mopen"},"["),a("span",{class:"mord mathrm",style:{"margin-right":"0.025em"}},"Y"),a("span",{class:"mclose"},"]")])])]),s(" is doubled, the rate of the reaction decreases by a factor of 2 .")],-1),u=[r,c,i,o,h,p,d,g];function x(w,y,k,b,f,M){return l(),e("div",null,u)}const X=t(m,[["render",x]]);export{_ as __pageData,X as default};
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Patterns of Organization and Methods of Development
Patterns of organization can help your readers follow the ideas within your essay and your paragraphs, but they can also work as methods of development to help you recognize and further develop ideas and relationships in your writing. Here are some strategies that can help you with both organization and development in your essays.
Now take the pie out of the oven and let it cool on the stovetop.
Mix the dry ingredients with the liquid ingredients.
Set the pie crust aside while you make the filling.
How did it feel to read the above list? A bit confusing, I would guess. That’s because the steps for making a pie were not well organized, and the steps don’t include enough detail for us to know exactly what we should do. (Like what are the dry and liquid ingredients?) We all know that starting instructions from the beginning and giving each detailed step in the order it should happen is vital to having a good outcome, in this case a yummy pie! But it’s not always so simple to know how to organize or develop ideas, and sometimes there’s more than one way, which complicates things even further.
First, let’s take a look at a couple of ways to think about organization.
It might be useful to think about organizing your topic like a triangle:
The first triangle represents starting with the most general, big picture information first, moving then to more detailed and often more personal information later in the paper. The second triangle represents an organizational structure that starts with the specific, small scale information first and then moves to the more global, big picture stuff.
For example, if your topic is traffic in Vancouver, British Columbia, an essay that uses the general-to-specific organizational structure might begin this way:
Many people consider Vancouver, British Columbia, to be a relaxed place to live. They would be shocked to know how bad the traffic is traveling major arteries into the city and even driving around the city itself.
An essay that uses the specific-to-general structure might start like this:
Transit is crowded, parking is expensive, and vehicles stop and go through the main streets of the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, and that is just once travelers brave the crowded arteries to enter the city; Vancouver’s traffic problem does not lend itself to the relaxed atmosphere many believe the city to have.
What’s the difference between these two introductions? And how might they appeal to the intended audience for this essay in different ways? The first introduction is looking at the big picture of the problem and mentions pollution’s impact on all citizens in Portland, while the second introduction focuses on one specific family. The first helps readers see how vast the problem really is, and the second helps connect readers to a real family, making an emotional appeal from the very beginning. Neither introduction is necessarily better. You’ll choose one over the other based on the kind of tone you’d like to create and how you’d like to affect your audience. It’s completely up to you to make this decision.
Does the Triangle Mean the Essay Keeps Getting More Specific or More Broad until the Very End?
The triangle is kind of a general guide, meaning you’re allowed to move around within it all you want. For example, it’s possible that each of your paragraphs will be its own triangle, starting with the general or specific and moving out or in. However, if you begin very broadly, it might be effective to end your essay in a more specific, personal way. And if you begin with a personal story, consider ending your essay by touching on the global impact and importance of your topic.
Are There Other Ways to Think about Organizing My Ideas?
Yes! Rather than thinking about which of your ideas are most specific or personal or which are more broad or universal, you might consider one of the following ways of organizing your ideas:
Most important information first (consider what you want readers to focus on first)
Chronological order (the order in time that events take place)
Compare and contrast (ideas are organized together because of their relationship to each other)
The section on Methods of Development, below, offers more detail about some of these organizational patterns, along with some others.
Choose one of the following topics, and practice writing a few opening sentences like we did above, once using the general-to-specific format and once using the specific-to-general. Which do you like better? What audience would be attracted to which one? Share with peers to see how others tackled this challenge. How would you rewrite their sentences? Why? Discuss your changes and listen to how your peers have revised your sentences. Taking in other people’s ideas will help you see new ways to approach your own writing and thinking. Topics:
The methods of development covered here are best used as ways to look at what’s already happening in your draft and to consider how you might emphasize or expand on any existing patterns. You might already be familiar with some of these patterns because teachers will sometimes assign them as the purpose for writing an essay. For example, you might have been asked to write a cause-and-effect essay or a comparison-and-contrast essay.
It’s important to emphasize here that patterns of organization or methods of developing content usually happen naturally as a consequence of the way the writer engages with and organizes information while writing. That is to say, most writers don’t sit down and say, “I think I’ll write a cause-and-effect essay today.” Instead, a writer might be more likely to be interested in a topic, say, the state of drinking water in the local community, and as the writer begins to explore the topic, certain cause-and-effect relationships between environmental pollutants and the community water supply may begin to emerge.
So if these patterns just occur naturally in writing, what’s the use in knowing about them? Well, sometimes you might be revising a draft and notice that some of your paragraphs are a bit underdeveloped. Maybe they lack a clear topic, or maybe they lack support. In either case, you can look to these common methods of development to find ways to sharpen those vague topics or to add support where needed. Do you have a clear cause statement somewhere but you haven’t explored the effects? Are you lacking detail somewhere where a narrative story or historical chronology can help build reader interest and add support? Are you struggling to define an idea that might benefit from some comparison or contrast? Read on to consider some of the ways that these strategies can help you in revision.
Do you see a potential cause-and-effect relationship developing in your draft? The cause-and-effect pattern may be used to identify one or more causes followed by one or more effects or results. Or you may reverse this sequence and describe effects first and then the cause or causes. For example, the causes of water pollution might be followed by its effects on both humans and animals. You may use obvious transitions to clarify cause and effect, such as “What are the results? Here are some of them…” or you might simply use the words cause, effect, and result, to cue the reader about your about the relationships that you’re establishing.
At some point does your essay explore a problem or suggest a solution? The problem-solution pattern is commonly used in identifying something that’s wrong and in contemplating what might be done to remedy the situation. There are probably more ways to organize a problem-solution approach, but but here are three possibilities:
Describe the problem, followed by the solution.
Propose the solution first and then describe the problems that motivated it.
Or a problem may be followed by several solutions, one of which is selected as the best.
When the solution is stated at the end of the paper, the pattern is sometimes called the delayed proposal. For a hostile audience, it may be effective to describe the problem, show why other solutions do not work, and finally suggest the favored solution. You can emphasize the words problem and solution to signal these sections of your paper for your reader.
Do you need to develop support for a topic where telling a story can illustrate some important concept for your readers? Material arranged chronologically is explained as it occurs in time. A chronological or narrative method of development might help you find a way to add both interest and content to your essay. Material arranged chronologically is explained as it occurs in time. This pattern may be used to establish what has happened. Chronology or narrative can be a great way to introduce your essay by providing a background or history behind your topic. Or you may want to tell a story to develop one or more points in the body of your essay. You can use transitional words like then, next, and finally to make the parts of the chronology clear.
Are you trying to define something? Do you need your readers to understand what something is and what it is not? The comparison-and-contrast method of development is particularly useful in extending a definition, or anywhere you need to show how a subject is like or unlike another subject. For example, the statement is often made that drug abuse is a medical problem instead of a criminal justice issue. An author might attempt to prove this point by comparing drug addiction to AIDS, cancer, or heart disease to redefine the term “addiction” as a medical problem. A statement in opposition to this idea could just as easily establish contrast by explaining all the ways that addiction is different from what we traditionally understand as an illness. In seeking to establish comparison or contrast in your writing, some words or terms that might be useful are by contrast, in comparison, while, some, and others.
Summary
These four methods of development—cause and effect, problem-solution, chronology or narrative, and comparison and contrast—are just a few ways to organize and develop ideas and content in your essays. It’s important to note that they should not be a starting point for writers who want to write something authentic—something that they care deeply about. Instead, they can be a great way to help you look for what’s already happening with your topic or in a draft, to help you to write more, or to help you reorganize some parts of an essay that seem to lack connection or feel disjointed. Look for organizational patterns when you’re reading work by professional writers. Notice where they combine strategies (e.g., a problem-solution pattern that uses cause-and-effect organization, or a comparison-contrast pattern that uses narrative or chronology to develop similarities or differences). Pay attention to how different writers emphasize and develop their main ideas, and use what you find to inspire you in your own writing. Better yet, work on developing completely new patterns of your own.
Reference
This chapter was adapted from “Patterns of Organization and Methods of Development” in The Word on College Reading and Writing by Carol Burnell, Jaime Wood, Monique Babin, Susan Pesznecker, and Nicole Rosevear, which is licensed under a CC BY-NC 4.0 Licence. Adapted by Allison Kilgannon.
“General to Specific vs. Specific to General Triangles” by Carol Burnell, Jaime Wood, Monique Babin, Susan Pesznecker, and Nicole Rosevear is under a CC BY-NC 4.0 Licence.
Kilgannon, Allison. “Patterns of Organization and Methods of Development.” Opentextbc.ca, 20 Aug. 2021, opentextbc.ca/advancedenglish/chapter/patterns-of-organization-and-methods-of-development/#:~:text=These%20four%20methods%20of%20development.
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+import{_ as e,c as t,o,R as a}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const f=JSON.parse('{"title":"Patterns of Organization and Methods of Development","description":"Literature methods of development article clip for review","frontmatter":{"title":"Patterns of Organization and Methods of Development","description":"Literature methods of development article clip for review"},"headers":[],"relativePath":"academic/literature/writing/methods-of-development.md","filePath":"academic/literature/writing/methods-of-development.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),i={name:"academic/literature/writing/methods-of-development.md"},n=a('
Patterns of Organization and Methods of Development
Patterns of organization can help your readers follow the ideas within your essay and your paragraphs, but they can also work as methods of development to help you recognize and further develop ideas and relationships in your writing. Here are some strategies that can help you with both organization and development in your essays.
Now take the pie out of the oven and let it cool on the stovetop.
Mix the dry ingredients with the liquid ingredients.
Set the pie crust aside while you make the filling.
How did it feel to read the above list? A bit confusing, I would guess. That’s because the steps for making a pie were not well organized, and the steps don’t include enough detail for us to know exactly what we should do. (Like what are the dry and liquid ingredients?) We all know that starting instructions from the beginning and giving each detailed step in the order it should happen is vital to having a good outcome, in this case a yummy pie! But it’s not always so simple to know how to organize or develop ideas, and sometimes there’s more than one way, which complicates things even further.
First, let’s take a look at a couple of ways to think about organization.
It might be useful to think about organizing your topic like a triangle:
The first triangle represents starting with the most general, big picture information first, moving then to more detailed and often more personal information later in the paper. The second triangle represents an organizational structure that starts with the specific, small scale information first and then moves to the more global, big picture stuff.
For example, if your topic is traffic in Vancouver, British Columbia, an essay that uses the general-to-specific organizational structure might begin this way:
Many people consider Vancouver, British Columbia, to be a relaxed place to live. They would be shocked to know how bad the traffic is traveling major arteries into the city and even driving around the city itself.
An essay that uses the specific-to-general structure might start like this:
Transit is crowded, parking is expensive, and vehicles stop and go through the main streets of the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, and that is just once travelers brave the crowded arteries to enter the city; Vancouver’s traffic problem does not lend itself to the relaxed atmosphere many believe the city to have.
What’s the difference between these two introductions? And how might they appeal to the intended audience for this essay in different ways? The first introduction is looking at the big picture of the problem and mentions pollution’s impact on all citizens in Portland, while the second introduction focuses on one specific family. The first helps readers see how vast the problem really is, and the second helps connect readers to a real family, making an emotional appeal from the very beginning. Neither introduction is necessarily better. You’ll choose one over the other based on the kind of tone you’d like to create and how you’d like to affect your audience. It’s completely up to you to make this decision.
Does the Triangle Mean the Essay Keeps Getting More Specific or More Broad until the Very End?
The triangle is kind of a general guide, meaning you’re allowed to move around within it all you want. For example, it’s possible that each of your paragraphs will be its own triangle, starting with the general or specific and moving out or in. However, if you begin very broadly, it might be effective to end your essay in a more specific, personal way. And if you begin with a personal story, consider ending your essay by touching on the global impact and importance of your topic.
Are There Other Ways to Think about Organizing My Ideas?
Yes! Rather than thinking about which of your ideas are most specific or personal or which are more broad or universal, you might consider one of the following ways of organizing your ideas:
Most important information first (consider what you want readers to focus on first)
Chronological order (the order in time that events take place)
Compare and contrast (ideas are organized together because of their relationship to each other)
The section on Methods of Development, below, offers more detail about some of these organizational patterns, along with some others.
Choose one of the following topics, and practice writing a few opening sentences like we did above, once using the general-to-specific format and once using the specific-to-general. Which do you like better? What audience would be attracted to which one? Share with peers to see how others tackled this challenge. How would you rewrite their sentences? Why? Discuss your changes and listen to how your peers have revised your sentences. Taking in other people’s ideas will help you see new ways to approach your own writing and thinking. Topics:
The methods of development covered here are best used as ways to look at what’s already happening in your draft and to consider how you might emphasize or expand on any existing patterns. You might already be familiar with some of these patterns because teachers will sometimes assign them as the purpose for writing an essay. For example, you might have been asked to write a cause-and-effect essay or a comparison-and-contrast essay.
It’s important to emphasize here that patterns of organization or methods of developing content usually happen naturally as a consequence of the way the writer engages with and organizes information while writing. That is to say, most writers don’t sit down and say, “I think I’ll write a cause-and-effect essay today.” Instead, a writer might be more likely to be interested in a topic, say, the state of drinking water in the local community, and as the writer begins to explore the topic, certain cause-and-effect relationships between environmental pollutants and the community water supply may begin to emerge.
So if these patterns just occur naturally in writing, what’s the use in knowing about them? Well, sometimes you might be revising a draft and notice that some of your paragraphs are a bit underdeveloped. Maybe they lack a clear topic, or maybe they lack support. In either case, you can look to these common methods of development to find ways to sharpen those vague topics or to add support where needed. Do you have a clear cause statement somewhere but you haven’t explored the effects? Are you lacking detail somewhere where a narrative story or historical chronology can help build reader interest and add support? Are you struggling to define an idea that might benefit from some comparison or contrast? Read on to consider some of the ways that these strategies can help you in revision.
Do you see a potential cause-and-effect relationship developing in your draft? The cause-and-effect pattern may be used to identify one or more causes followed by one or more effects or results. Or you may reverse this sequence and describe effects first and then the cause or causes. For example, the causes of water pollution might be followed by its effects on both humans and animals. You may use obvious transitions to clarify cause and effect, such as “What are the results? Here are some of them…” or you might simply use the words cause, effect, and result, to cue the reader about your about the relationships that you’re establishing.
At some point does your essay explore a problem or suggest a solution? The problem-solution pattern is commonly used in identifying something that’s wrong and in contemplating what might be done to remedy the situation. There are probably more ways to organize a problem-solution approach, but but here are three possibilities:
Describe the problem, followed by the solution.
Propose the solution first and then describe the problems that motivated it.
Or a problem may be followed by several solutions, one of which is selected as the best.
When the solution is stated at the end of the paper, the pattern is sometimes called the delayed proposal. For a hostile audience, it may be effective to describe the problem, show why other solutions do not work, and finally suggest the favored solution. You can emphasize the words problem and solution to signal these sections of your paper for your reader.
Do you need to develop support for a topic where telling a story can illustrate some important concept for your readers? Material arranged chronologically is explained as it occurs in time. A chronological or narrative method of development might help you find a way to add both interest and content to your essay. Material arranged chronologically is explained as it occurs in time. This pattern may be used to establish what has happened. Chronology or narrative can be a great way to introduce your essay by providing a background or history behind your topic. Or you may want to tell a story to develop one or more points in the body of your essay. You can use transitional words like then, next, and finally to make the parts of the chronology clear.
Are you trying to define something? Do you need your readers to understand what something is and what it is not? The comparison-and-contrast method of development is particularly useful in extending a definition, or anywhere you need to show how a subject is like or unlike another subject. For example, the statement is often made that drug abuse is a medical problem instead of a criminal justice issue. An author might attempt to prove this point by comparing drug addiction to AIDS, cancer, or heart disease to redefine the term “addiction” as a medical problem. A statement in opposition to this idea could just as easily establish contrast by explaining all the ways that addiction is different from what we traditionally understand as an illness. In seeking to establish comparison or contrast in your writing, some words or terms that might be useful are by contrast, in comparison, while, some, and others.
Summary
These four methods of development—cause and effect, problem-solution, chronology or narrative, and comparison and contrast—are just a few ways to organize and develop ideas and content in your essays. It’s important to note that they should not be a starting point for writers who want to write something authentic—something that they care deeply about. Instead, they can be a great way to help you look for what’s already happening with your topic or in a draft, to help you to write more, or to help you reorganize some parts of an essay that seem to lack connection or feel disjointed. Look for organizational patterns when you’re reading work by professional writers. Notice where they combine strategies (e.g., a problem-solution pattern that uses cause-and-effect organization, or a comparison-contrast pattern that uses narrative or chronology to develop similarities or differences). Pay attention to how different writers emphasize and develop their main ideas, and use what you find to inspire you in your own writing. Better yet, work on developing completely new patterns of your own.
Reference
This chapter was adapted from “Patterns of Organization and Methods of Development” in The Word on College Reading and Writing by Carol Burnell, Jaime Wood, Monique Babin, Susan Pesznecker, and Nicole Rosevear, which is licensed under a CC BY-NC 4.0 Licence. Adapted by Allison Kilgannon.
“General to Specific vs. Specific to General Triangles” by Carol Burnell, Jaime Wood, Monique Babin, Susan Pesznecker, and Nicole Rosevear is under a CC BY-NC 4.0 Licence.
Kilgannon, Allison. “Patterns of Organization and Methods of Development.” Opentextbc.ca, 20 Aug. 2021, opentextbc.ca/advancedenglish/chapter/patterns-of-organization-and-methods-of-development/#:~:text=These%20four%20methods%20of%20development.
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diff --git a/assets/academic_physics_ipho-formulas-jpn_1.md.f3d08612.js b/assets/academic_physics_ipho-formulas-jpn_1.md.0425dd00.js
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This table of vocabularies are from "Sadlier Vocabulary Workshop-Level G (Unit 4)" with their corresponding textbook definitions and part of speeches (from some of them) made into a collection.
Vocabulary
Definition
Atrophy
(n.) the wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any progressive decline or failure; (v.) to waste away
Bastion
A fortified place, stronghold
Concord
A state of agreement, harmony, unanimity; a treaty, pact, covenant
Consummate
(adj.) complete or perfect in the highest degree; (v.) to bring to a state of completion or perfection
Disarray
(n.) disorder, confusion; (v.) to throw into disorder
Exigency
Urgency, pressure; urgent demand, pressing need; an emergency
Flotsam
Floating debris; homeless, impoverished people
Frenetic
Frenzied, highly agitated
Glean
To gather bit by bit; to gather small quantities of grain left in a field by the reapers.
Grouse
(n.) A type of game bird; a complaint; (v.) to complain, grumble
Incarcerate
To imprison, confine, jail
Incumbent
(adj.) obligatory, required; (n.) one who holds a specific office at the time spoken of
Jocular
Humorous, jesting, jolly, joking
Ludicrous
Ridiculous, laughable, absurd
Mordant
Biting or caustic in thought, manner, or style; sharply or bitterly harsh.
Nettle
(n.) a prickly or stinging plant; (v.) to arouse displeasure, impatience, or anger; to vex or irritate severely
Pecuniary
Consisting of or measured in money; of or related to money
Pusillanimous
Contemptibly cowardly or mean-spirited
Recumbent
In a reclining position, lying down, in the posture of one sleeping or resting.
Stratagem
A scheme to outwit or deceive an opponent or to gain and end.
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This table of vocabularies are from "Sadlier Vocabulary Workshop-Level G (Unit 4)" with their corresponding textbook definitions and part of speeches (from some of them) made into a collection.
Vocabulary
Definition
Atrophy
(n.) the wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any progressive decline or failure; (v.) to waste away
Bastion
A fortified place, stronghold
Concord
A state of agreement, harmony, unanimity; a treaty, pact, covenant
Consummate
(adj.) complete or perfect in the highest degree; (v.) to bring to a state of completion or perfection
Disarray
(n.) disorder, confusion; (v.) to throw into disorder
Exigency
Urgency, pressure; urgent demand, pressing need; an emergency
Flotsam
Floating debris; homeless, impoverished people
Frenetic
Frenzied, highly agitated
Glean
To gather bit by bit; to gather small quantities of grain left in a field by the reapers.
Grouse
(n.) A type of game bird; a complaint; (v.) to complain, grumble
Incarcerate
To imprison, confine, jail
Incumbent
(adj.) obligatory, required; (n.) one who holds a specific office at the time spoken of
Jocular
Humorous, jesting, jolly, joking
Ludicrous
Ridiculous, laughable, absurd
Mordant
Biting or caustic in thought, manner, or style; sharply or bitterly harsh.
Nettle
(n.) a prickly or stinging plant; (v.) to arouse displeasure, impatience, or anger; to vex or irritate severely
Pecuniary
Consisting of or measured in money; of or related to money
Pusillanimous
Contemptibly cowardly or mean-spirited
Recumbent
In a reclining position, lying down, in the posture of one sleeping or resting.
Stratagem
A scheme to outwit or deceive an opponent or to gain and end.
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similarity index 89%
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similarity index 90%
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-* @license MIT */(function(t,a){(function(r,i){t.exports=i()})(m,function(){var r={};r.version="0.2.0";var i=r.settings={minimum:.08,easing:"ease",positionUsing:"",speed:200,trickle:!0,trickleRate:.02,trickleSpeed:800,showSpinner:!0,barSelector:'[role="bar"]',spinnerSelector:'[role="spinner"]',parent:"body",template:'
Before you start using this plugin, make sure you have already installed the default markdown-it parser; if not, please run the following command or refer to the official markdown-it documentation.
sh
$npminstallmarkdown-it--save
$npminstallmarkdown-it--save
1
First install package with your preferred package manager (npm, yarn, pnpm), or include javascript before the closing </body> for markdown-it-katex's core utils to be loaded for the static page.
sh
$npminstall-D@andatoshiki/markdown-it-katex
$npminstall-D@andatoshiki/markdown-it-katex
1
sh
$yarnadd--dev@andatoshiki/markdown-it-katex
$yarnadd--dev@andatoshiki/markdown-it-katex
1
sh
$pnpmadd-D@andatoshiki/markdown-it-katex
$pnpmadd-D@andatoshiki/markdown-it-katex
1
html
<!-- your other body contents ... -->
+import{_ as n,c as e,o as t,z as s,a,R as l}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const v=JSON.parse(`{"title":"@andatoshiki/markdown-it-katex","description":"Documentation for Toshiki's markdown-it-katex fork as an alternative for GitHub readme mirror in case site inaccessibility due to SNI interference by GFW for users in China","frontmatter":{"title":"@andatoshiki/markdown-it-katex","description":"Documentation for Toshiki's markdown-it-katex fork as an alternative for GitHub readme mirror in case site inaccessibility due to SNI interference by GFW for users in China"},"headers":[],"relativePath":"application/markdown-it-katex/how-to-use.md","filePath":"application/markdown-it-katex/how-to-use.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}`),p={name:"application/markdown-it-katex/how-to-use.md"},o=s("h1",{id:"andatoshiki-markdown-it-katex",tabindex:"-1"},[a("@andatoshiki/markdown-it-katex "),s("a",{class:"header-anchor",href:"#andatoshiki-markdown-it-katex","aria-label":'Permalink to "@andatoshiki/markdown-it-katex"'},"")],-1),r=s("blockquote",null,[s("p",null,[a("Add graceful "),s("span",{class:"katex"},[s("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[s("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[s("semantics",null,[s("mrow",null,[s("mtext",null,"KaTeX")]),s("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"\\KaTeX")])])]),s("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[s("span",{class:"base"},[s("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.8988em","vertical-align":"-0.2155em"}}),s("span",{class:"mord text"},[s("span",{class:"mord textrm"},"K"),s("span",{class:"mspace",style:{"margin-right":"-0.17em"}}),s("span",{class:"vlist-t"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.6833em"}},[s("span",{style:{top:"-2.905em"}},[s("span",{class:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}}),s("span",{class:"mord"},[s("span",{class:"mord textrm mtight sizing reset-size6 size3"},"A")])])])])]),s("span",{class:"mspace",style:{"margin-right":"-0.15em"}}),s("span",{class:"mord text"},[s("span",{class:"mord textrm"},"T"),s("span",{class:"mspace",style:{"margin-right":"-0.1667em"}}),s("span",{class:"vlist-t vlist-t2"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.4678em"}},[s("span",{style:{top:"-2.7845em"}},[s("span",{class:"pstrut",style:{height:"3em"}}),s("span",{class:"mord"},[s("span",{class:"mord textrm"},"E")])])]),s("span",{class:"vlist-s"},"")]),s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.2155em"}},[s("span")])])]),s("span",{class:"mspace",style:{"margin-right":"-0.125em"}}),s("span",{class:"mord textrm"},"X")])])])])]),a(" rendering to your Markdown like a charm with "),s("code",null,"markdown-it"),a(" plugin.")])],-1),c=l(`
Before you start using this plugin, make sure you have already installed the default markdown-it parser; if not, please run the following command or refer to the official markdown-it documentation.
sh
$npminstallmarkdown-it--save
$npminstallmarkdown-it--save
1
First install package with your preferred package manager (npm, yarn, pnpm), or include javascript before the closing </body> for markdown-it-katex's core utils to be loaded for the static page.
sh
$npminstall-D@andatoshiki/markdown-it-katex
$npminstall-D@andatoshiki/markdown-it-katex
1
sh
$yarnadd--dev@andatoshiki/markdown-it-katex
$yarnadd--dev@andatoshiki/markdown-it-katex
1
sh
$pnpmadd-D@andatoshiki/markdown-it-katex
$pnpmadd-D@andatoshiki/markdown-it-katex
1
html
<!-- your other body contents ... --> <scriptsrc="https://unpkg.com/@andatoshiki/markdown-it-katex@0.0.3/markdown-it-katex.min.js"></script></body>
<!-- your other body contents ... --> <scriptsrc="https://unpkg.com/@andatoshiki/markdown-it-katex@0.0.3/markdown-it-katex.min.js"></script>
-</body>
1 2 3
Including KaTeX CSS is necessary in the way you are convenient with, either link the stylesheet from a third party CDN into the local HTML <head> tag or import it into a currently linked CSS stylesheets to enable styles for KaTeX globally as follows,
Or, you could clone or download the entire repository source of KaTeX and self load the fonts/styles/scripts locally, but if you prefer loading from third-party CDN with faster load speed when deployed to save your server resources, the following CDN links might be your choice, you can always switch to other platforms based on your need.
Including KaTeX CSS is necessary in the way you are convenient with, either link the stylesheet from a third party CDN into the local HTML <head> tag or import it into a currently linked CSS stylesheets to enable styles for KaTeX globally as follows,
Or, you could clone or download the entire repository source of KaTeX and self load the fonts/styles/scripts locally, but if you prefer loading from third-party CDN with faster load speed when deployed to save your server resources, the following CDN links might be your choice, you can always switch to other platforms based on your need.
// ... your other styles@import'https://cdnjs.toshiki.dev/ajax/libs/KaTeX/0.16.0/katex.min.css';
// ... your other styles
-@import'https://cdnjs.toshiki.dev/ajax/libs/KaTeX/0.16.0/katex.min.css';
1 2
If you are using the default markdown-it parser, I personally recommend that you use the GitHub markdown CSS (github-markdown-css) for styling your HTML output with a similar style replica of GitHub's markdown styling to your familiarity.
This forked project maintained by Anda Toshiki comes with the update of KaTeX components with higher style version support (this documentation uses KaTeX version 16.0, without hassels), later versions may works, but no guarantees are given by the developers, if you are not obsessed with the latest released version, 16.0 may fits your need for loading KaTeX on a personal blog site or small educational sites; yet it should work fully functionally.
Warning
Since this project is a fork of the original markdown-it-katex project that hasn't been receiving any active updates of its code source for years, the latest katex style version supported is somewhere around ver. 0.9.0 which clearly is outdated and results in broken styles with overflowing and other potential bug presents.
RTo render equations, you need to include the markdown-it-katex plugin in the markdown-it components in your JavaScript or TypeScript file as follows,
js
var md =require('markdown-it')(),
+@import'https://cdnjs.toshiki.dev/ajax/libs/KaTeX/0.16.0/katex.min.css';
1 2
If you are using the default markdown-it parser, I personally recommend that you use the GitHub markdown CSS (github-markdown-css) for styling your HTML output with a similar style replica of GitHub's markdown styling to your familiarity.
This forked project maintained by Anda Toshiki comes with the update of KaTeX components with higher style version support (this documentation uses KaTeX version 16.0, without hassels), later versions may works, but no guarantees are given by the developers, if you are not obsessed with the latest released version, 16.0 may fits your need for loading KaTeX on a personal blog site or small educational sites; yet it should work fully functionally.
Warning
Since this project is a fork of the original markdown-it-katex project that hasn't been receiving any active updates of its code source for years, the latest katex style version supported is somewhere around ver. 0.9.0 which clearly is outdated and results in broken styles with overflowing and other potential bug presents.
Math parsing in markdown is designed to comply with the "latex-in-markdown" conventions set by Pandoc,
Anything between two $ characters will be treated as TeX math. The opening $ must have a non-space character immediately to its right, while the closing $ must have a non-space character immediately to its left, and must not be followed immediately by a digit. Thus, $20,000 and $30,000 won’t parse as math. If for some reason you need to enclose text in literal $ characters, backslash-escape them and they won’t be treated as math delimiters.
KaTeX is a popular, open-source math typesetting library that is based on TeX and LaTeX. It is designed to be easy to use, and to provide high-quality mathematical typesetting for web applications, refer to the following pages of the document for the full list of function support in KaTeX.
Note
Due to the large number of equations rendered on the next following pages, it might takes time to entirely load the webpage, please be patient if the webpage seems to not respond; or it could be a result of slow network connection to correctly render all the equation that causes broken formulas, refresh the page to proceed.
',7),h=[o,r,c,i,m,y,d];function F(u,D,g,B,C,b){return t(),e("div",null,h)}const v=n(p,[["render",F]]);export{k as __pageData,v as default};
+$$
1 2 3 4
the above block equation renders the LaTeX equation as a block with output as follows,
Math parsing in markdown is designed to comply with the "latex-in-markdown" conventions set by Pandoc,
Anything between two $ characters will be treated as TeX math. The opening $ must have a non-space character immediately to its right, while the closing $ must have a non-space character immediately to its left, and must not be followed immediately by a digit. Thus, $20,000 and $30,000 won’t parse as math. If for some reason you need to enclose text in literal $ characters, backslash-escape them and they won’t be treated as math delimiters.
KaTeX is a popular, open-source math typesetting library that is based on TeX and LaTeX. It is designed to be easy to use, and to provide high-quality mathematical typesetting for web applications, refer to the following pages of the document for the full list of function support in KaTeX.
Note
Due to the large number of equations rendered on the next following pages, it might takes time to entirely load the webpage, please be patient if the webpage seems to not respond; or it could be a result of slow network connection to correctly render all the equation that causes broken formulas, refresh the page to proceed.
',7),h=[o,r,c,i,m,y,d];function F(u,D,g,B,C,b){return t(),e("div",null,h)}const k=n(p,[["render",F]]);export{v as __pageData,k as default};
diff --git a/assets/application_markdown-it-katex_how-to-use.md.0481e8a0.lean.js b/assets/application_markdown-it-katex_how-to-use.md.9bc5ba83.lean.js
similarity index 98%
rename from assets/application_markdown-it-katex_how-to-use.md.0481e8a0.lean.js
rename to assets/application_markdown-it-katex_how-to-use.md.9bc5ba83.lean.js
index cfafb519..b8adce96 100644
--- a/assets/application_markdown-it-katex_how-to-use.md.0481e8a0.lean.js
+++ b/assets/application_markdown-it-katex_how-to-use.md.9bc5ba83.lean.js
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mathnormal",style:{"margin-right":"0.03588em"}},"y"),s("span",{class:"mclose"},[s("span",{class:"mclose"},")"),s("span",{class:"msupsub"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-t"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.8247em"}},[s("span",{style:{top:"-3.063em","margin-right":"0.05em"}},[s("span",{class:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}}),s("span",{class:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mathnormal mtight",style:{"margin-right":"0.02778em"}},"r"),s("span",{class:"mord mathnormal mtight"},"i")])])])])])])])])])])]),s("span",{class:"vlist-s"},"")]),s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.686em"}},[s("span")])])])]),s("span",{class:"mclose nulldelimiter"})]),s("span",{class:"mclose delimcenter",style:{top:"0em"}},[s("span",{class:"delimsizing size4"},"}")])])])])])])],-1),d=l("",7),h=[o,r,c,i,m,y,d];function F(u,D,g,B,C,b){return t(),e("div",null,h)}const k=n(p,[["render",F]]);export{v as __pageData,k as default};
diff --git a/assets/application_markdown-it-katex_support-function.md.5fc2ebee.js b/assets/application_markdown-it-katex_support-function.md.41701432.js
similarity index 99%
rename from assets/application_markdown-it-katex_support-function.md.5fc2ebee.js
rename to assets/application_markdown-it-katex_support-function.md.41701432.js
index dd172a96..1a926f1b 100644
--- a/assets/application_markdown-it-katex_support-function.md.5fc2ebee.js
+++ b/assets/application_markdown-it-katex_support-function.md.41701432.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import{_ as e,c as l,z as s,a,R as t,o as n}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const yt=JSON.parse('{"title":"KaTeX: Supported functions","description":"Supported functions within KaTeX syntaxes.","frontmatter":{"title":"KaTeX: Supported functions","description":"Supported functions within KaTeX syntaxes."},"headers":[],"relativePath":"application/markdown-it-katex/support-function.md","filePath":"application/markdown-it-katex/support-function.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),m={name:"application/markdown-it-katex/support-function.md"},i=t('
This is an direct shameful copy of the documentation pulled from KaTeX documentation, I do not own any of the content below on behalf of this part of the documentation, the table might be outdated as versions migrates, please also refer to KaTeX's official documentation.
This following is a list of TeX functions supported by KaTeX. It is sorted into logical groups.
There is a similar Support Table on the next page, sorted alphabetically in am more intuitive way with the lists both supported and un-supported functions, viewing both tables are suggested comprehensibly and interchangeably is highly suggested.
This is an direct shameful copy of the documentation pulled from KaTeX documentation, I do not own any of the content below on behalf of this part of the documentation, the table might be outdated as versions migrates, please also refer to KaTeX's official documentation.
This following is a list of TeX functions supported by KaTeX. It is sorted into logical groups.
There is a similar Support Table on the next page, sorted alphabetically in am more intuitive way with the lists both supported and un-supported functions, viewing both tables are suggested comprehensibly and interchangeably is highly suggested.
This is an direct shameful copy of the documentation pulled from KaTeX documentation, I do not own any of the content below on behalf of this part of the documentation, the table might be outdated as versions migrates, please also refer to KaTeX's official documentation.
This is an direct shameful copy of the documentation pulled from KaTeX documentation, I do not own any of the content below on behalf of this part of the documentation, the table might be outdated as versions migrates, please also refer to KaTeX's official documentation.
KaTeX works out of the box on large screen devices such as laptops and desktop computers. But as KaTeX's built-in does not support responsiveness on it's default stylings, hence KaTeX equations might overflow out of the default width of the default application containers on small-screened mobile devices as you can see in the following image in the dev tool of chrome, when the dimension of the webpage is set to responsive or under a certain fixed device dimension, the equations rendered in KaTeX overflows out of the viewport as inspected in blue hightlight.
◎ katex overflowing on small screen devices
This inevitably causes the viewport to break and extends the default width for KaTeX equations <div> to fit, users will be required to manually scroll right in order to view the full equation consequently as follows,
◎ katex overflowing with labels annotated
The above situation is undoubtedly annoying for user experiences while reading documentation, consider at what scenarios users have to scroll, scroll and scroll only for viewing a single long-blocked equation, who would want to read such a text, right? But don't worry we have a simple fix for this situation via by several line of css.
If you happened to search over KaTeX's official repo issue tracker on GitHub, there are several user-made css tweaks hack already, the fix is simple by adjusting the overflows of both x and y axes of the KaTeX render <div> blocks. The katex-display > .katex selector targets the child element of the .katex-display class that has the .katex class. This is the element that contains the KaTeX math expression. The first block of styles is mostly concerned with making sure that the KaTeX expression doesn't overflow its container and can be scrolled horizontally if needed. The second block of styles sets the font and line-height for the KaTeX expression and makes sure that its text is properly indented.
But, the issue here is, the overflowing issue is resolved on the webpage, but the style itself left with a slight whitish "box" at the crossing corner of both horizontal as well as vertical scrollbar tracks, this might not be so explicit in the light mode of the webpage, but when it turns to dark mode, the box become annoying. Some people might say it's an easy tweak via setting the display property of the "box" element to display: none; to directly remove the box out of the page, this is a smart approach; however, while the box is gone, the two crossing tracks is going to form an untouched invisible box again against two bars without color. Thus, neither ways seems to perfectly solve the problem.
After running a quick research on Google, I found a simple hack tweak used in a theme of VuePress, vuepress-theme-hope on GitHub, the theme both integrate with KaTeX and MathJax for math supports.
Under the styles directory of the repository, several line of scss styles came across my eyes,
◎ KaTeX tweak fix styles in theme
this scss lines only add a horizontal trackbar at the bottom of each overflowing equation while maximizing the vertical height of the equation, when user is on a small screened device as follows,
◎ Horizontal scrollbar of equations on small screen
If you are running a documentation site like this version controlled via Node, especially VitePress without native scss supports, your fix would be installing scss support globally across the project, then add the scss styles and finally import the stylesheets to take effect globally.
Install global scss support using your favored package manager.
sh
$npminstall-Dscss
$npminstall-Dscss
1
sh
$yarnadd--devscss
$yarnadd--devscss
1
sh
$pnpmadd-Dscss
$pnpmadd-Dscss
1
Then in your scss stylesheets, add the following and link or import them to your global styles, you should be off to go with a complete fix-up for KaTeX.
scss
...
+import{_ as s,c as a,o as n,R as e}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const l="/assets/2023-03-22-17-04-25.d7c4c068.png",o="/assets/2023-03-22-20-29-28.39883b7f.png",p="/assets/2023-05-22-10-14-11.2c283da4.png",t="/assets/2023-05-22-10-27-47.c0db4fe7.png",b=JSON.parse('{"title":"Tips to Use markdown-it-katex","description":"Extra tips on using markdown-it-katex for the best experiences.","frontmatter":{"title":"Tips to Use markdown-it-katex","description":"Extra tips on using markdown-it-katex for the best experiences."},"headers":[],"relativePath":"application/markdown-it-katex/tips.md","filePath":"application/markdown-it-katex/tips.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),r={name:"application/markdown-it-katex/tips.md"},c=e('
KaTeX works out of the box on large screen devices such as laptops and desktop computers. But as KaTeX's built-in does not support responsiveness on it's default stylings, hence KaTeX equations might overflow out of the default width of the default application containers on small-screened mobile devices as you can see in the following image in the dev tool of chrome, when the dimension of the webpage is set to responsive or under a certain fixed device dimension, the equations rendered in KaTeX overflows out of the viewport as inspected in blue hightlight.
◎ katex overflowing on small screen devices
This inevitably causes the viewport to break and extends the default width for KaTeX equations <div> to fit, users will be required to manually scroll right in order to view the full equation consequently as follows,
◎ katex overflowing with labels annotated
The above situation is undoubtedly annoying for user experiences while reading documentation, consider at what scenarios users have to scroll, scroll and scroll only for viewing a single long-blocked equation, who would want to read such a text, right? But don't worry we have a simple fix for this situation via by several line of css.
If you happened to search over KaTeX's official repo issue tracker on GitHub, there are several user-made css tweaks hack already, the fix is simple by adjusting the overflows of both x and y axes of the KaTeX render <div> blocks. The katex-display > .katex selector targets the child element of the .katex-display class that has the .katex class. This is the element that contains the KaTeX math expression. The first block of styles is mostly concerned with making sure that the KaTeX expression doesn't overflow its container and can be scrolled horizontally if needed. The second block of styles sets the font and line-height for the KaTeX expression and makes sure that its text is properly indented.
But, the issue here is, the overflowing issue is resolved on the webpage, but the style itself left with a slight whitish "box" at the crossing corner of both horizontal as well as vertical scrollbar tracks, this might not be so explicit in the light mode of the webpage, but when it turns to dark mode, the box become annoying. Some people might say it's an easy tweak via setting the display property of the "box" element to display: none; to directly remove the box out of the page, this is a smart approach; however, while the box is gone, the two crossing tracks is going to form an untouched invisible box again against two bars without color. Thus, neither ways seems to perfectly solve the problem.
After running a quick research on Google, I found a simple hack tweak used in a theme of VuePress, vuepress-theme-hope on GitHub, the theme both integrate with KaTeX and MathJax for math supports.
Under the styles directory of the repository, several line of scss styles came across my eyes,
◎ KaTeX tweak fix styles in theme
this scss lines only add a horizontal trackbar at the bottom of each overflowing equation while maximizing the vertical height of the equation, when user is on a small screened device as follows,
◎ Horizontal scrollbar of equations on small screen
If you are running a documentation site like this version controlled via Node, especially VitePress without native scss supports, your fix would be installing scss support globally across the project, then add the scss styles and finally import the stylesheets to take effect globally.
Install global scss support using your favored package manager.
sh
$npminstall-Dscss
$npminstall-Dscss
1
sh
$yarnadd--devscss
$yarnadd--devscss
1
sh
$pnpmadd-Dscss
$pnpmadd-Dscss
1
Then in your scss stylesheets, add the following and link or import them to your global styles, you should be off to go with a complete fix-up for KaTeX.
scss
...// katex responsiveness fix.katex{
@@ -94,4 +94,4 @@ import{_ as s,c as a,o as n,R as e}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const l=
.katex-error { color: #f00;
-}
`,37),i=[c];function y(d,h,B,D,u,F){return n(),a("div",null,i)}const m=s(r,[["render",y]]);export{b as __pageData,m as default};
diff --git a/assets/application_markdown-it-katex_tips.md.dad68d50.lean.js b/assets/application_markdown-it-katex_tips.md.66964334.lean.js
similarity index 85%
rename from assets/application_markdown-it-katex_tips.md.dad68d50.lean.js
rename to assets/application_markdown-it-katex_tips.md.66964334.lean.js
index 4878f3e2..fea1070d 100644
--- a/assets/application_markdown-it-katex_tips.md.dad68d50.lean.js
+++ b/assets/application_markdown-it-katex_tips.md.66964334.lean.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as s,c as a,o as n,R as e}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const l="/assets/2023-03-22-17-04-25.d7c4c068.png",o="/assets/2023-03-22-20-29-28.39883b7f.png",p="/assets/2023-05-22-10-14-11.2c283da4.png",t="/assets/2023-05-22-10-27-47.c0db4fe7.png",b=JSON.parse('{"title":"Tips to Use markdown-it-katex","description":"Extra tips on using markdown-it-katex for the best experiences.","frontmatter":{"title":"Tips to Use markdown-it-katex","description":"Extra tips on using markdown-it-katex for the best experiences."},"headers":[],"relativePath":"application/markdown-it-katex/tips.md","filePath":"application/markdown-it-katex/tips.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),r={name:"application/markdown-it-katex/tips.md"},c=e("",37),i=[c];function y(d,h,D,B,u,F){return n(),a("div",null,i)}const m=s(r,[["render",y]]);export{b as __pageData,m as default};
+import{_ as s,c as a,o as n,R as e}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const l="/assets/2023-03-22-17-04-25.d7c4c068.png",o="/assets/2023-03-22-20-29-28.39883b7f.png",p="/assets/2023-05-22-10-14-11.2c283da4.png",t="/assets/2023-05-22-10-27-47.c0db4fe7.png",b=JSON.parse('{"title":"Tips to Use markdown-it-katex","description":"Extra tips on using markdown-it-katex for the best experiences.","frontmatter":{"title":"Tips to Use markdown-it-katex","description":"Extra tips on using markdown-it-katex for the best experiences."},"headers":[],"relativePath":"application/markdown-it-katex/tips.md","filePath":"application/markdown-it-katex/tips.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),r={name:"application/markdown-it-katex/tips.md"},c=e("",37),i=[c];function y(d,h,B,D,u,F){return n(),a("div",null,i)}const m=s(r,[["render",y]]);export{b as __pageData,m as default};
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_README.md.469d86f6.js b/assets/development_aws_README.md.476415d3.js
similarity index 98%
rename from assets/development_aws_README.md.469d86f6.js
rename to assets/development_aws_README.md.476415d3.js
index 3b025ea2..332e6a41 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_README.md.469d86f6.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_README.md.476415d3.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as e,c as a,o as s,R as o}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const b=JSON.parse('{"title":"","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/README.md","filePath":"development/aws/README.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),n={name:"development/aws/README.md"},t=o('
The source of the main text is here, written with asciidoctor.
If you want to build the document from the source, follow these steps.
dist/: Output document (both HTML and PDF) will be generated here
imgs/: Put image files here
fonts/, pdf-style/: Fonts and styles for PDF generation. Do not touch!
XXX.adoc: One section per file
',12),l=[t];function r(c,i,p,d,u,h){return s(),a("div",null,l)}const y=e(n,[["render",r]]);export{b as __pageData,y as default};
+import{_ as e,c as a,o as s,R as o}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const b=JSON.parse('{"title":"","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/README.md","filePath":"development/aws/README.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),n={name:"development/aws/README.md"},t=o('
The source of the main text is here, written with asciidoctor.
If you want to build the document from the source, follow these steps.
dist/: Output document (both HTML and PDF) will be generated here
imgs/: Put image files here
fonts/, pdf-style/: Fonts and styles for PDF generation. Do not touch!
XXX.adoc: One section per file
',12),l=[t];function r(c,i,p,d,u,h){return s(),a("div",null,l)}const y=e(n,[["render",r]]);export{b as __pageData,y as default};
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_README.md.469d86f6.lean.js b/assets/development_aws_README.md.476415d3.lean.js
similarity index 85%
rename from assets/development_aws_README.md.469d86f6.lean.js
rename to assets/development_aws_README.md.476415d3.lean.js
index 825d22f2..67f90192 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_README.md.469d86f6.lean.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_README.md.476415d3.lean.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as e,c as a,o as s,R as o}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const b=JSON.parse('{"title":"","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/README.md","filePath":"development/aws/README.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),n={name:"development/aws/README.md"},t=o("",12),l=[t];function r(c,i,p,d,u,h){return s(),a("div",null,l)}const y=e(n,[["render",r]]);export{b as __pageData,y as default};
+import{_ as e,c as a,o as s,R as o}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const b=JSON.parse('{"title":"","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/README.md","filePath":"development/aws/README.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),n={name:"development/aws/README.md"},t=o("",12),l=[t];function r(c,i,p,d,u,h){return s(),a("div",null,l)}const y=e(n,[["render",r]]);export{b as __pageData,y as default};
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_acknowledgement.md.27c8e8cd.js b/assets/development_aws_acknowledgement.md.a3130917.js
similarity index 97%
rename from assets/development_aws_acknowledgement.md.27c8e8cd.js
rename to assets/development_aws_acknowledgement.md.a3130917.js
index 91bda52e..fc1e8b64 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_acknowledgement.md.27c8e8cd.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_acknowledgement.md.a3130917.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as e,c as t,o as r,R as a}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const g=JSON.parse('{"title":"謝辞","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/acknowledgement.md","filePath":"development/aws/acknowledgement.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),o={name:"development/aws/acknowledgement.md"},n=a('
',8),l=[n];function s(i,p,c,_,m,h){return r(),t("div",null,l)}const u=e(o,[["render",s]]);export{g as __pageData,u as default};
+import{_ as e,c as t,o as r,R as a}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const g=JSON.parse('{"title":"謝辞","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/acknowledgement.md","filePath":"development/aws/acknowledgement.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),o={name:"development/aws/acknowledgement.md"},n=a('
',8),l=[n];function s(i,p,c,_,m,h){return r(),t("div",null,l)}const u=e(o,[["render",s]]);export{g as __pageData,u as default};
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_acknowledgement.md.27c8e8cd.lean.js b/assets/development_aws_acknowledgement.md.a3130917.lean.js
similarity index 86%
rename from assets/development_aws_acknowledgement.md.27c8e8cd.lean.js
rename to assets/development_aws_acknowledgement.md.a3130917.lean.js
index b49eba57..ec2ea07c 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_acknowledgement.md.27c8e8cd.lean.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_acknowledgement.md.a3130917.lean.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as e,c as t,o as r,R as a}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const g=JSON.parse('{"title":"謝辞","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/acknowledgement.md","filePath":"development/aws/acknowledgement.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),o={name:"development/aws/acknowledgement.md"},n=a("",8),l=[n];function s(i,p,c,_,m,h){return r(),t("div",null,l)}const u=e(o,[["render",s]]);export{g as __pageData,u as default};
+import{_ as e,c as t,o as r,R as a}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const g=JSON.parse('{"title":"謝辞","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/acknowledgement.md","filePath":"development/aws/acknowledgement.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),o={name:"development/aws/acknowledgement.md"},n=a("",8),l=[n];function s(i,p,c,_,m,h){return r(),t("div",null,l)}const u=e(o,[["render",s]]);export{g as __pageData,u as default};
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_appendix.md.eadb19d2.js b/assets/development_aws_appendix.md.03815b62.js
similarity index 99%
rename from assets/development_aws_appendix.md.eadb19d2.js
rename to assets/development_aws_appendix.md.03815b62.js
index 9916c29c..284c9d3d 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_appendix.md.eadb19d2.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_appendix.md.03815b62.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import{_ as s,a,b as e,c as n,d as l,e as p,f as o,g as r,h as c,i as t,j as i,k as d,l as y,m as C,n as A,o as u}from"./chunks/venv_shell.dc2530bc.js";import{_ as h,c as B,o as m,R as D}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const x=JSON.parse('{"title":"Appendix: 環境構築","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/appendix.md","filePath":"development/aws/appendix.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),F={name:"development/aws/appendix.md"},g=D('
[default]
+import{_ as s,a,b as e,c as n,d as l,e as p,f as o,g as r,h as c,i as t,j as i,k as d,l as y,m as C,n as A,o as u}from"./chunks/venv_shell.dc2530bc.js";import{_ as h,c as B,o as m,R as D}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const x=JSON.parse('{"title":"Appendix: 環境構築","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/appendix.md","filePath":"development/aws/appendix.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),F={name:"development/aws/appendix.md"},g=D('
[default]region = us-east-1
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_appendix.md.eadb19d2.lean.js b/assets/development_aws_appendix.md.03815b62.lean.js
similarity index 89%
rename from assets/development_aws_appendix.md.eadb19d2.lean.js
rename to assets/development_aws_appendix.md.03815b62.lean.js
index c904b9e5..756a909c 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_appendix.md.eadb19d2.lean.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_appendix.md.03815b62.lean.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as s,a,b as e,c as n,d as l,e as p,f as o,g as r,h as c,i as t,j as i,k as d,l as y,m as C,n as A,o as u}from"./chunks/venv_shell.dc2530bc.js";import{_ as h,c as B,o as m,R as D}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const x=JSON.parse('{"title":"Appendix: 環境構築","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/appendix.md","filePath":"development/aws/appendix.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),F={name:"development/aws/appendix.md"},g=D("",141),b=[g];function v(k,f,_,w,E,S){return m(),B("div",null,b)}const Y=h(F,[["render",v]]);export{x as __pageData,Y as default};
+import{_ as s,a,b as e,c as n,d as l,e as p,f as o,g as r,h as c,i as t,j as i,k as d,l as y,m as C,n as A,o as u}from"./chunks/venv_shell.dc2530bc.js";import{_ as h,c as B,o as m,R as D}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const x=JSON.parse('{"title":"Appendix: 環境構築","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/appendix.md","filePath":"development/aws/appendix.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),F={name:"development/aws/appendix.md"},g=D("",141),b=[g];function v(k,f,_,w,E,S){return m(),B("div",null,b)}const Y=h(F,[["render",v]]);export{x as __pageData,Y as default};
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_assignments.md.edd9a519.js b/assets/development_aws_assignments.md.57d1ae02.js
similarity index 90%
rename from assets/development_aws_assignments.md.edd9a519.js
rename to assets/development_aws_assignments.md.57d1ae02.js
index 7992fab2..77a0e118 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_assignments.md.edd9a519.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_assignments.md.57d1ae02.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as t,c as a,o as s,z as e,a as n}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const g=JSON.parse('{"title":"課題","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/assignments.md","filePath":"development/aws/assignments.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),o={name:"development/aws/assignments.md"},r=e("h1",{id:"課題",tabindex:"-1"},[n("課題 "),e("a",{class:"header-anchor",href:"#課題","aria-label":'Permalink to "課題"'},"")],-1),d=e("p",null,"以下の課題を提出．",-1),c=[r,d];function i(l,m,_,p,h,f){return s(),a("div",null,c)}const v=t(o,[["render",i]]);export{g as __pageData,v as default};
+import{_ as t,c as a,o as s,z as e,a as n}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const g=JSON.parse('{"title":"課題","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/assignments.md","filePath":"development/aws/assignments.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),o={name:"development/aws/assignments.md"},r=e("h1",{id:"課題",tabindex:"-1"},[n("課題 "),e("a",{class:"header-anchor",href:"#課題","aria-label":'Permalink to "課題"'},"")],-1),d=e("p",null,"以下の課題を提出．",-1),c=[r,d];function i(l,m,_,p,h,f){return s(),a("div",null,c)}const v=t(o,[["render",i]]);export{g as __pageData,v as default};
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_assignments.md.edd9a519.lean.js b/assets/development_aws_assignments.md.57d1ae02.lean.js
similarity index 90%
rename from assets/development_aws_assignments.md.edd9a519.lean.js
rename to assets/development_aws_assignments.md.57d1ae02.lean.js
index 7992fab2..77a0e118 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_assignments.md.edd9a519.lean.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_assignments.md.57d1ae02.lean.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as t,c as a,o as s,z as e,a as n}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const g=JSON.parse('{"title":"課題","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/assignments.md","filePath":"development/aws/assignments.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),o={name:"development/aws/assignments.md"},r=e("h1",{id:"課題",tabindex:"-1"},[n("課題 "),e("a",{class:"header-anchor",href:"#課題","aria-label":'Permalink to "課題"'},"")],-1),d=e("p",null,"以下の課題を提出．",-1),c=[r,d];function i(l,m,_,p,h,f){return s(),a("div",null,c)}const v=t(o,[["render",i]]);export{g as __pageData,v as default};
+import{_ as t,c as a,o as s,z as e,a as n}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const g=JSON.parse('{"title":"課題","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/assignments.md","filePath":"development/aws/assignments.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),o={name:"development/aws/assignments.md"},r=e("h1",{id:"課題",tabindex:"-1"},[n("課題 "),e("a",{class:"header-anchor",href:"#課題","aria-label":'Permalink to "課題"'},"")],-1),d=e("p",null,"以下の課題を提出．",-1),c=[r,d];function i(l,m,_,p,h,f){return s(),a("div",null,c)}const v=t(o,[["render",i]]);export{g as __pageData,v as default};
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_author.md.91b4ef95.js b/assets/development_aws_author.md.75ceca8a.js
similarity index 95%
rename from assets/development_aws_author.md.91b4ef95.js
rename to assets/development_aws_author.md.75ceca8a.js
index 24e0f4f2..806e53bf 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_author.md.91b4ef95.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_author.md.75ceca8a.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as o,c as a,o as r,z as e,a as t}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const v=JSON.parse('{"title":"著者紹介","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/author.md","filePath":"development/aws/author.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),n={name:"development/aws/author.md"},s=e("h1",{id:"著者紹介",tabindex:"-1"},[t("著者紹介 "),e("a",{class:"header-anchor",href:"#著者紹介","aria-label":'Permalink to "著者紹介"'},"")],-1),l=e("p",null,"真野 智之 (Tomoyuki Mano)",-1),c=e("p",null,"情報理工学博士 (東京大学大学院情報理工学系研究科システム情報学専攻)． 2021 年より日本学術振興会特別研究員 (PD) (現職)． 沖縄科学技術大学院大学 (OIST) にてポスドク研究員として働く． 現在の研究分野は神経科学・神経情報学． 趣味は料理・ランニング・鉄道・アニメ，村上春樹の熱烈な愛読家．",-1),i=e("p",null,[t("連絡先 "),e("a",{href:"mailto:tomoyukimano@gmail.com",target:"_blank",rel:"noreferrer"},"tomoyukimano@gmail.com")],-1),m=e("p",null,[t("GitHub "),e("a",{href:"https://github.com/tomomano",target:"_blank",rel:"noreferrer"},"https://github.com/tomomano")],-1),d=[s,l,c,i,m];function _(h,p,u,f,k,b){return r(),a("div",null,d)}const x=o(n,[["render",_]]);export{v as __pageData,x as default};
+import{_ as o,c as a,o as r,z as e,a as t}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const v=JSON.parse('{"title":"著者紹介","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/author.md","filePath":"development/aws/author.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),n={name:"development/aws/author.md"},s=e("h1",{id:"著者紹介",tabindex:"-1"},[t("著者紹介 "),e("a",{class:"header-anchor",href:"#著者紹介","aria-label":'Permalink to "著者紹介"'},"")],-1),l=e("p",null,"真野 智之 (Tomoyuki Mano)",-1),c=e("p",null,"情報理工学博士 (東京大学大学院情報理工学系研究科システム情報学専攻)． 2021 年より日本学術振興会特別研究員 (PD) (現職)． 沖縄科学技術大学院大学 (OIST) にてポスドク研究員として働く． 現在の研究分野は神経科学・神経情報学． 趣味は料理・ランニング・鉄道・アニメ，村上春樹の熱烈な愛読家．",-1),i=e("p",null,[t("連絡先 "),e("a",{href:"mailto:tomoyukimano@gmail.com",target:"_blank",rel:"noreferrer"},"tomoyukimano@gmail.com")],-1),m=e("p",null,[t("GitHub "),e("a",{href:"https://github.com/tomomano",target:"_blank",rel:"noreferrer"},"https://github.com/tomomano")],-1),d=[s,l,c,i,m];function _(h,p,u,f,k,b){return r(),a("div",null,d)}const x=o(n,[["render",_]]);export{v as __pageData,x as default};
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_author.md.91b4ef95.lean.js b/assets/development_aws_author.md.75ceca8a.lean.js
similarity index 95%
rename from assets/development_aws_author.md.91b4ef95.lean.js
rename to assets/development_aws_author.md.75ceca8a.lean.js
index 24e0f4f2..806e53bf 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_author.md.91b4ef95.lean.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_author.md.75ceca8a.lean.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as o,c as a,o as r,z as e,a as t}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const v=JSON.parse('{"title":"著者紹介","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/author.md","filePath":"development/aws/author.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),n={name:"development/aws/author.md"},s=e("h1",{id:"著者紹介",tabindex:"-1"},[t("著者紹介 "),e("a",{class:"header-anchor",href:"#著者紹介","aria-label":'Permalink to "著者紹介"'},"")],-1),l=e("p",null,"真野 智之 (Tomoyuki Mano)",-1),c=e("p",null,"情報理工学博士 (東京大学大学院情報理工学系研究科システム情報学専攻)． 2021 年より日本学術振興会特別研究員 (PD) (現職)． 沖縄科学技術大学院大学 (OIST) にてポスドク研究員として働く． 現在の研究分野は神経科学・神経情報学． 趣味は料理・ランニング・鉄道・アニメ，村上春樹の熱烈な愛読家．",-1),i=e("p",null,[t("連絡先 "),e("a",{href:"mailto:tomoyukimano@gmail.com",target:"_blank",rel:"noreferrer"},"tomoyukimano@gmail.com")],-1),m=e("p",null,[t("GitHub "),e("a",{href:"https://github.com/tomomano",target:"_blank",rel:"noreferrer"},"https://github.com/tomomano")],-1),d=[s,l,c,i,m];function _(h,p,u,f,k,b){return r(),a("div",null,d)}const x=o(n,[["render",_]]);export{v as __pageData,x as default};
+import{_ as o,c as a,o as r,z as e,a as t}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const v=JSON.parse('{"title":"著者紹介","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/author.md","filePath":"development/aws/author.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),n={name:"development/aws/author.md"},s=e("h1",{id:"著者紹介",tabindex:"-1"},[t("著者紹介 "),e("a",{class:"header-anchor",href:"#著者紹介","aria-label":'Permalink to "著者紹介"'},"")],-1),l=e("p",null,"真野 智之 (Tomoyuki Mano)",-1),c=e("p",null,"情報理工学博士 (東京大学大学院情報理工学系研究科システム情報学専攻)． 2021 年より日本学術振興会特別研究員 (PD) (現職)． 沖縄科学技術大学院大学 (OIST) にてポスドク研究員として働く． 現在の研究分野は神経科学・神経情報学． 趣味は料理・ランニング・鉄道・アニメ，村上春樹の熱烈な愛読家．",-1),i=e("p",null,[t("連絡先 "),e("a",{href:"mailto:tomoyukimano@gmail.com",target:"_blank",rel:"noreferrer"},"tomoyukimano@gmail.com")],-1),m=e("p",null,[t("GitHub "),e("a",{href:"https://github.com/tomomano",target:"_blank",rel:"noreferrer"},"https://github.com/tomomano")],-1),d=[s,l,c,i,m];function _(h,p,u,f,k,b){return r(),a("div",null,d)}const x=o(n,[["render",_]]);export{v as __pageData,x as default};
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_aws-batch.md.b1f89120.js b/assets/development_aws_aws-batch.md.18d31398.js
similarity index 99%
rename from assets/development_aws_aws-batch.md.b1f89120.js
rename to assets/development_aws_aws-batch.md.18d31398.js
index fd3e32d8..55e2d1f8 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_aws-batch.md.b1f89120.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_aws-batch.md.18d31398.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import{_ as s,a as n,b as a,c as l,d as p,e as o,f as e,g as t,h as c,i as r,j as y,k as F,l as i,m as D,n as A,o as B,p as C,q as u,r as b,s as m}from"./chunks/cloud_development.e43e5d4a.js";import{_ as d,c as f,o as h,R as E}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const T=JSON.parse('{"title":"Hands-on #4: AWS Batch を使って機械学習のハイパーパラメータサーチを並列化する","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/aws-batch.md","filePath":"development/aws/aws-batch.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),_={name:"development/aws/aws-batch.md"},g=E('
$cdhandson/aws-batch/docker
+import{_ as s,a as n,b as a,c as l,d as p,e as o,f as e,g as t,h as c,i as r,j as y,k as F,l as i,m as D,n as A,o as B,p as C,q as u,r as b,s as m}from"./chunks/cloud_development.e43e5d4a.js";import{_ as d,c as f,o as h,R as E}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const T=JSON.parse('{"title":"Hands-on #4: AWS Batch を使って機械学習のハイパーパラメータサーチを並列化する","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/aws-batch.md","filePath":"development/aws/aws-batch.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),_={name:"development/aws/aws-batch.md"},g=E('
$ docker run --gpus all mymnist --lr 0.1 --momentum 0.5 --epochs 10
このコマンドでは，--gpus all というパラメータが加わった．
CPU/GPU どちらで実行した場合でも，エポックを重ねるにつれて訓練データ (Train データ) の Loss は単調に減少していくのが見て取れるだろう． 一方，検証データ (Validation データ) の Loss および Accuracy は，ある程度まで減少した後，それ以上性能が向上しないことに気がつくだろう． これを実際にプロットしてみると figure_title のようになるはずである．
これはオーバーフィッティングとよばれる現象で，ニューラルネットが訓練データに過度に最適化され，訓練データの外のデータに対しての精度 (汎化性能) が向上していないことを示している． このような場合の対処法として， Early stopping とよばれるテクニックが知られている． Early stopping とは，検証データの Loss を追跡し，それが減少から増加に転じるエポックで学習をうち止め，そのエポックでのウェイトパラメータを採用する，というものである． 本ハンズオンでも， Early stopping によって訓練の終了を判断し，モデルの性能評価を行っていく．
classSimpleBatch(core.Stack):
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_aws-batch.md.b1f89120.lean.js b/assets/development_aws_aws-batch.md.18d31398.lean.js
similarity index 91%
rename from assets/development_aws_aws-batch.md.b1f89120.lean.js
rename to assets/development_aws_aws-batch.md.18d31398.lean.js
index 0ab90175..eaeebffc 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_aws-batch.md.b1f89120.lean.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_aws-batch.md.18d31398.lean.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as s,a as n,b as a,c as l,d as p,e as o,f as e,g as t,h as c,i as r,j as y,k as F,l as i,m as D,n as A,o as B,p as C,q as u,r as b,s as m}from"./chunks/cloud_development.e43e5d4a.js";import{_ as d,c as f,o as h,R as E}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const T=JSON.parse('{"title":"Hands-on #4: AWS Batch を使って機械学習のハイパーパラメータサーチを並列化する","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/aws-batch.md","filePath":"development/aws/aws-batch.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),_={name:"development/aws/aws-batch.md"},g=E("",163),q=[g];function v(k,S,j,x,w,N){return h(),f("div",null,q)}const U=d(_,[["render",v]]);export{T as __pageData,U as default};
+import{_ as s,a as n,b as a,c as l,d as p,e as o,f as e,g as t,h as c,i as r,j as y,k as F,l as i,m as D,n as A,o as B,p as C,q as u,r as b,s as m}from"./chunks/cloud_development.e43e5d4a.js";import{_ as d,c as f,o as h,R as E}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const T=JSON.parse('{"title":"Hands-on #4: AWS Batch を使って機械学習のハイパーパラメータサーチを並列化する","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/aws-batch.md","filePath":"development/aws/aws-batch.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),_={name:"development/aws/aws-batch.md"},g=E("",163),q=[g];function v(k,S,j,x,w,N){return h(),f("div",null,q)}const U=d(_,[["render",v]]);export{T as __pageData,U as default};
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_aws-get-started.md.6d6f385c.js b/assets/development_aws_aws-get-started.md.f69dd5b1.js
similarity index 99%
rename from assets/development_aws_aws-get-started.md.6d6f385c.js
rename to assets/development_aws_aws-get-started.md.f69dd5b1.js
index 6e5b7cbb..b3c24f56 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_aws-get-started.md.6d6f385c.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_aws-get-started.md.f69dd5b1.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import{_ as s,a,b as n,c as l,d as o,e as p,f as e,g as t,h as r,i as c,j as y}from"./chunks/iac.2263bc12.js";import{_ as F,a as D}from"./chunks/VPC.e1acca4d.js";import{_ as A,c as i,o as C,R as B}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const w=JSON.parse('{"title":"AWS 入門","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/aws-get-started.md","filePath":"development/aws/aws-get-started.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),u={name:"development/aws/aws-get-started.md"},d=B('
Avaialibity Zone (AZ) とは，リージョン内で地理的に隔離されたデータセンターのことである． それぞれのリージョンは 2 個以上の AZ を有しており，もし一つの AZ で火災や停電などが起きた場合でも，ほかの AZ がその障害をカバーすることができる． また， AZ 間は高速な AWS 専用ネットワーク回線で結ばれているため， AZ 間のデータ転送は極めて早い． AZ は，ビジネスなどでサーバーダウンが許容されない場合などに注意すべき概念であり，個人的な用途で使う限りにおいてはあまり深く考慮する必要はない．言葉の意味だけ知っておけば十分である．
API (Application Programming Interface) を使うことで，コマンドを AWS に送信し，クラウドのリソースの操作をすることができる． API とは，端的に言えば AWS が公開しているコマンドの一覧であり，GET, POST, DELETE などの REST API から構成されている (REST API については ??? で簡単に解説する)． が，直接 REST API を入力するのは面倒であるので，その手間を解消するための様々なツールが提供されている．
例えば， AWS CLI は， UNIX コンソールから AWS API を実行するための CLI (Command Line Interface) である． CLI に加えて，いろいろなプログラミング言語での SDK (Software Development Kit) が提供されている．以下に一例を挙げる．
import boto3
+import{_ as s,a,b as n,c as l,d as o,e as p,f as e,g as t,h as r,i as c,j as y}from"./chunks/iac.2263bc12.js";import{_ as F,a as D}from"./chunks/VPC.e1acca4d.js";import{_ as A,c as i,o as C,R as B}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const w=JSON.parse('{"title":"AWS 入門","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/aws-get-started.md","filePath":"development/aws/aws-get-started.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),u={name:"development/aws/aws-get-started.md"},d=B('
Avaialibity Zone (AZ) とは，リージョン内で地理的に隔離されたデータセンターのことである． それぞれのリージョンは 2 個以上の AZ を有しており，もし一つの AZ で火災や停電などが起きた場合でも，ほかの AZ がその障害をカバーすることができる． また， AZ 間は高速な AWS 専用ネットワーク回線で結ばれているため， AZ 間のデータ転送は極めて早い． AZ は，ビジネスなどでサーバーダウンが許容されない場合などに注意すべき概念であり，個人的な用途で使う限りにおいてはあまり深く考慮する必要はない．言葉の意味だけ知っておけば十分である．
API (Application Programming Interface) を使うことで，コマンドを AWS に送信し，クラウドのリソースの操作をすることができる． API とは，端的に言えば AWS が公開しているコマンドの一覧であり，GET, POST, DELETE などの REST API から構成されている (REST API については ??? で簡単に解説する)． が，直接 REST API を入力するのは面倒であるので，その手間を解消するための様々なツールが提供されている．
例えば， AWS CLI は， UNIX コンソールから AWS API を実行するための CLI (Command Line Interface) である． CLI に加えて，いろいろなプログラミング言語での SDK (Software Development Kit) が提供されている．以下に一例を挙げる．
import boto3
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_aws-get-started.md.6d6f385c.lean.js b/assets/development_aws_aws-get-started.md.f69dd5b1.lean.js
similarity index 89%
rename from assets/development_aws_aws-get-started.md.6d6f385c.lean.js
rename to assets/development_aws_aws-get-started.md.f69dd5b1.lean.js
index 3df78d16..01936759 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_aws-get-started.md.6d6f385c.lean.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_aws-get-started.md.f69dd5b1.lean.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as s,a,b as n,c as l,d as o,e as p,f as e,g as t,h as r,i as c,j as y}from"./chunks/iac.2263bc12.js";import{_ as F,a as D}from"./chunks/VPC.e1acca4d.js";import{_ as A,c as i,o as C,R as B}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const w=JSON.parse('{"title":"AWS 入門","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/aws-get-started.md","filePath":"development/aws/aws-get-started.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),u={name:"development/aws/aws-get-started.md"},d=B("",106),m=[d];function b(q,h,g,f,E,S){return C(),i("div",null,m)}const W=A(u,[["render",b]]);export{w as __pageData,W as default};
+import{_ as s,a,b as n,c as l,d as o,e as p,f as e,g as t,h as r,i as c,j as y}from"./chunks/iac.2263bc12.js";import{_ as F,a as D}from"./chunks/VPC.e1acca4d.js";import{_ as A,c as i,o as C,R as B}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const w=JSON.parse('{"title":"AWS 入門","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/aws-get-started.md","filePath":"development/aws/aws-get-started.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),u={name:"development/aws/aws-get-started.md"},d=B("",106),m=[d];function b(q,h,g,f,E,S){return C(),i("div",null,m)}const W=A(u,[["render",b]]);export{w as __pageData,W as default};
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_closing.md.6e4d2c56.js b/assets/development_aws_closing.md.9cc956aa.js
similarity index 89%
rename from assets/development_aws_closing.md.6e4d2c56.js
rename to assets/development_aws_closing.md.9cc956aa.js
index 4c70a6bf..0dd27dbc 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_closing.md.6e4d2c56.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_closing.md.9cc956aa.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as a,c as t,o as s,z as e,a as o}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const g=JSON.parse('{"title":"まとめ","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/closing.md","filePath":"development/aws/closing.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),n={name:"development/aws/closing.md"},c=e("h1",{id:"まとめ",tabindex:"-1"},[o("まとめ "),e("a",{class:"header-anchor",href:"#まとめ","aria-label":'Permalink to "まとめ"'},"")],-1),r=[c];function d(l,i,p,_,m,h){return s(),t("div",null,r)}const u=a(n,[["render",d]]);export{g as __pageData,u as default};
+import{_ as a,c as t,o as s,z as e,a as o}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const g=JSON.parse('{"title":"まとめ","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/closing.md","filePath":"development/aws/closing.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),n={name:"development/aws/closing.md"},c=e("h1",{id:"まとめ",tabindex:"-1"},[o("まとめ "),e("a",{class:"header-anchor",href:"#まとめ","aria-label":'Permalink to "まとめ"'},"")],-1),r=[c];function d(l,i,p,_,m,h){return s(),t("div",null,r)}const u=a(n,[["render",d]]);export{g as __pageData,u as default};
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_closing.md.6e4d2c56.lean.js b/assets/development_aws_closing.md.9cc956aa.lean.js
similarity index 89%
rename from assets/development_aws_closing.md.6e4d2c56.lean.js
rename to assets/development_aws_closing.md.9cc956aa.lean.js
index 4c70a6bf..0dd27dbc 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_closing.md.6e4d2c56.lean.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_closing.md.9cc956aa.lean.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as a,c as t,o as s,z as e,a as o}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const g=JSON.parse('{"title":"まとめ","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/closing.md","filePath":"development/aws/closing.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),n={name:"development/aws/closing.md"},c=e("h1",{id:"まとめ",tabindex:"-1"},[o("まとめ "),e("a",{class:"header-anchor",href:"#まとめ","aria-label":'Permalink to "まとめ"'},"")],-1),r=[c];function d(l,i,p,_,m,h){return s(),t("div",null,r)}const u=a(n,[["render",d]]);export{g as __pageData,u as default};
+import{_ as a,c as t,o as s,z as e,a as o}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const g=JSON.parse('{"title":"まとめ","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/closing.md","filePath":"development/aws/closing.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),n={name:"development/aws/closing.md"},c=e("h1",{id:"まとめ",tabindex:"-1"},[o("まとめ "),e("a",{class:"header-anchor",href:"#まとめ","aria-label":'Permalink to "まとめ"'},"")],-1),r=[c];function d(l,i,p,_,m,h){return s(),t("div",null,r)}const u=a(n,[["render",d]]);export{g as __pageData,u as default};
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_cloud.md.d68eb74d.js b/assets/development_aws_cloud.md.1414fab7.js
similarity index 99%
rename from assets/development_aws_cloud.md.d68eb74d.js
rename to assets/development_aws_cloud.md.1414fab7.js
index f33c2336..e17a0d75 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_cloud.md.d68eb74d.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_cloud.md.1414fab7.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as o,a as e,b as r,c as t}from"./chunks/terminal.94539704.js";import{_ as a,c as i,o as p,R as n}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const T=JSON.parse('{"title":"クラウド概論","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/cloud.md","filePath":"development/aws/cloud.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),s={name:"development/aws/cloud.md"},l=n('
個人が所有する計算機で， CPU をアップグレードしようと思ったら，物理的に筐体を開け，CPU ソケットを露出させ，新しい CPU に交換する必要があるだろう． あるいは，ストレージがいっぱいになってしまったら，古いディスクを抜き取り，新しいディスクを挿入する必要がある． 計算機の場所を移動させたときには，新しい部屋の LAN ケーブルを差し込まないとネットワークには接続できない．
先述の The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing に戻ると，クラウドプロバイダーによるクラウドサービスの形態としては，次の三つが定義されている (figure_title)．
Software as a Service (SaaS): クラウド上で実行されるアプリケーションをサービスとして利用者に提供する形態． 例として， Google Drive や Slack などが挙げられる． 利用者は，背後にあるクラウドのインフラ (ネットワークやサーバーなど) には直接触れず，アプリケーションとして提供されているクラウドサービスを享受する．
Platform as a Service (PaaS): 顧客の作成したアプリケーション (多くの場合データベースと API リクエスト処理を行うサーバーのコードから構成される) をデプロイする環境をサービスとして利用者に提供する形態． PaaS では利用者はクラウドのインフラに直接触れることはなく，計算負荷が増減した際のサーバーのスケーリングはクラウドプロバイダーによってなされる． 例としては， Google App Engine や Heroku などがある．
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): クラウド上の計算インフラストラクチャーを従量課金制で利用者に提供する形態． 利用者は必要なネットワーク・サーバー・ストレージをプロバイダーから借り受け，そこに自身のアプリケーションを展開し運用する． IaaS の例としては AWS EC2 などが挙げられる．
なお，最近では Function as a Service (FaaS) やサーバーレスコンピューティングなども新たなクラウドのカテゴリとして認知されている． これらの概念については ??? などの章で詳しく触れていく． 本書を読み進める中で明らかになるように，クラウドの技術は日進月歩である． 本書では実用的・教育的な観点から，従来的なクラウドの設計概念に触れたあと，サーバーレスなどの最新の技術も網羅するので，楽しみにしながら読み進めていただきたい．
',34),c=[l];function g(u,d,_,f,m,h){return p(),i("div",null,c)}const b=a(s,[["render",g]]);export{T as __pageData,b as default};
+import{_ as o,a as e,b as r,c as t}from"./chunks/terminal.94539704.js";import{_ as a,c as i,o as p,R as n}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const T=JSON.parse('{"title":"クラウド概論","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/cloud.md","filePath":"development/aws/cloud.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),s={name:"development/aws/cloud.md"},l=n('
個人が所有する計算機で， CPU をアップグレードしようと思ったら，物理的に筐体を開け，CPU ソケットを露出させ，新しい CPU に交換する必要があるだろう． あるいは，ストレージがいっぱいになってしまったら，古いディスクを抜き取り，新しいディスクを挿入する必要がある． 計算機の場所を移動させたときには，新しい部屋の LAN ケーブルを差し込まないとネットワークには接続できない．
先述の The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing に戻ると，クラウドプロバイダーによるクラウドサービスの形態としては，次の三つが定義されている (figure_title)．
Software as a Service (SaaS): クラウド上で実行されるアプリケーションをサービスとして利用者に提供する形態． 例として， Google Drive や Slack などが挙げられる． 利用者は，背後にあるクラウドのインフラ (ネットワークやサーバーなど) には直接触れず，アプリケーションとして提供されているクラウドサービスを享受する．
Platform as a Service (PaaS): 顧客の作成したアプリケーション (多くの場合データベースと API リクエスト処理を行うサーバーのコードから構成される) をデプロイする環境をサービスとして利用者に提供する形態． PaaS では利用者はクラウドのインフラに直接触れることはなく，計算負荷が増減した際のサーバーのスケーリングはクラウドプロバイダーによってなされる． 例としては， Google App Engine や Heroku などがある．
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): クラウド上の計算インフラストラクチャーを従量課金制で利用者に提供する形態． 利用者は必要なネットワーク・サーバー・ストレージをプロバイダーから借り受け，そこに自身のアプリケーションを展開し運用する． IaaS の例としては AWS EC2 などが挙げられる．
なお，最近では Function as a Service (FaaS) やサーバーレスコンピューティングなども新たなクラウドのカテゴリとして認知されている． これらの概念については ??? などの章で詳しく触れていく． 本書を読み進める中で明らかになるように，クラウドの技術は日進月歩である． 本書では実用的・教育的な観点から，従来的なクラウドの設計概念に触れたあと，サーバーレスなどの最新の技術も網羅するので，楽しみにしながら読み進めていただきたい．
',34),c=[l];function g(u,d,_,f,m,h){return p(),i("div",null,c)}const b=a(s,[["render",g]]);export{T as __pageData,b as default};
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_cloud.md.d68eb74d.lean.js b/assets/development_aws_cloud.md.1414fab7.lean.js
similarity index 87%
rename from assets/development_aws_cloud.md.d68eb74d.lean.js
rename to assets/development_aws_cloud.md.1414fab7.lean.js
index 6d4b229c..db3fdd07 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_cloud.md.d68eb74d.lean.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_cloud.md.1414fab7.lean.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as o,a as e,b as r,c as t}from"./chunks/terminal.94539704.js";import{_ as a,c as i,o as p,R as n}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const T=JSON.parse('{"title":"クラウド概論","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/cloud.md","filePath":"development/aws/cloud.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),s={name:"development/aws/cloud.md"},l=n("",34),c=[l];function g(u,d,_,f,m,h){return p(),i("div",null,c)}const b=a(s,[["render",g]]);export{T as __pageData,b as default};
+import{_ as o,a as e,b as r,c as t}from"./chunks/terminal.94539704.js";import{_ as a,c as i,o as p,R as n}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const T=JSON.parse('{"title":"クラウド概論","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/cloud.md","filePath":"development/aws/cloud.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),s={name:"development/aws/cloud.md"},l=n("",34),c=[l];function g(u,d,_,f,m,h){return p(),i("div",null,c)}const b=a(s,[["render",g]]);export{T as __pageData,b as default};
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_docker-system.md.d67b5e75.js b/assets/development_aws_docker-system.md.61e748e7.js
similarity index 99%
rename from assets/development_aws_docker-system.md.d67b5e75.js
rename to assets/development_aws_docker-system.md.61e748e7.js
index 2278182d..a074ac34 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_docker-system.md.d67b5e75.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_docker-system.md.61e748e7.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import{_ as s,a,b as n,c as e,d as o,e as p,f as l,g as r}from"./chunks/ecs.73d77e6a.js";import{_ as t,c,o as i,R as y}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const f=JSON.parse('{"title":"Docker 入門","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/docker-system.md","filePath":"development/aws/docker-system.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),u={name:"development/aws/docker-system.md"},C=y('
Docker とは， コンテナ (Container) とよばれる仮想環境下で，ホスト OS とは独立した別の計算環境を走らせるためのソフトウェアである． Docker を使うことで， OS を含めたすべてのプログラムをコンパクトにパッケージングすることが可能になる (パッケージされた一つの計算環境のことを **イメージ (Image)**とよぶ)． Docker を使うことで，クラウドのサーバー上に瞬時に計算環境を複製することが可能になり， figure_title で見たような複数の計算機を同時に走らせるためのシステムが実現できる．
Docker は 2013 年に Solomon Hykes らを中心に開発され，それ以降爆発的に普及し，クラウドコンピューティングだけでなく，機械学習・科学計算の文脈などでも欠かすことのできないソフトウェアとなった． Docker はエンタープライズ向けの製品を除き無料で使用することができ，コアの部分は オープンソースプロジェクト として公開されている． Docker は Linux, Windows, Mac いずれの OS でも提供されている． 概念としては， Docker は仮想マシン (Virtual machine; VM) にとても近い． ここでは， VM との対比をしながら，Docker とはなにかを簡単に説明しよう．
仮想マシン (VM) とは，ホストとなるマシンの上に，仮想化された OS を走らせる技術である (figure_title)． VM には ハイパーバイザー (Hypervisor) とよばれるレイヤーが存在する． Hypervisor はまず，物理的な計算機リソース (CPU, RAM, network など) を分割し，仮想化する． たとえば， ホストマシンに物理的な CPU が 4 コアあるとして，ハイパーバイザーはそれを (2,2) 個の組に仮想的に分割することができる． VM 上で起動する OS には，ハイパーバイザーによって仮想化されたハードウェアが割り当てられる． VM 上で起動する OS は基本的に完全に独立であり，たとえば OS-A は OS-B に割り当てられた CPU やメモリー領域にアクセスすることはできない (これを isolation とよぶ)． VM を作成するための有名なソフトウェアとしては， VMware， VirtualBox， Xen などがある． また，これまで触ってきた EC2 も，基本的に VM 技術を使うことで所望のスペックをもった仮想マシンがユーザーに提示される．
Docker も， VM と同様に，仮想化された OS をホストの OS 上に走らせるための技術である． VM に対し， Docker ではハードウェアレベルの仮想化は行われておらず，すべての仮想化はソフトウェアレベルで実現されている (figure_title)． Docker で走る仮想 OS は，多くの部分をホストの OS に依存しており，結果として非常にコンパクトである． その結果， Docker で仮想 OS を起動するために要する時間は， VM に比べて圧倒的に早い． また， パッケージ化された環境 (=イメージ) のサイズも完全な OS に比べ圧倒的に小さくなるので，ネットワークを通じたやり取りが非常に高速化される点も重要である 加えて， VM のいくつかの実装では，メタル (仮想化マシンに対して，物理的なハードウェア上で直接起動する場合のこと) と比べ，ハイパーバイザーレイヤーでのオーバーヘッドなどにより性能が低下することが知られているが， Docker ではメタルとほぼ同様の性能を引き出すことができるとされている．
その他， VM との相違点などはたくさんあるのだが，ここではこれ以上詳細には立ち入らない． 大事なのは， Docker とはとてもコンパクトかつハイパフォーマンスな仮想計算環境を作るツールである，という点である． その手軽さゆえに，2013 年の登場以降，クラウドシステムでの利用が急速に増加し，現代のクラウドでは欠くことのできない中心的な技術になっている．
職業的プログラマーにとっての"三種の神器"とはなんだろうか？ 多様な意見があると思うが，筆者は Git, Vim そして Docker を挙げたい．
Git は多くの読者がご存じの通り，コードの変更を追跡するためのシステムである． Linux の作成者である Linus Torvalds によって 2005 年に誕生した． チームでの開発を進める際には欠かせないツールだ．
$python3
+import{_ as s,a,b as n,c as e,d as o,e as p,f as l,g as r}from"./chunks/ecs.73d77e6a.js";import{_ as t,c,o as i,R as y}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const f=JSON.parse('{"title":"Docker 入門","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/docker-system.md","filePath":"development/aws/docker-system.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),u={name:"development/aws/docker-system.md"},C=y('
Docker とは， コンテナ (Container) とよばれる仮想環境下で，ホスト OS とは独立した別の計算環境を走らせるためのソフトウェアである． Docker を使うことで， OS を含めたすべてのプログラムをコンパクトにパッケージングすることが可能になる (パッケージされた一つの計算環境のことを **イメージ (Image)**とよぶ)． Docker を使うことで，クラウドのサーバー上に瞬時に計算環境を複製することが可能になり， figure_title で見たような複数の計算機を同時に走らせるためのシステムが実現できる．
Docker は 2013 年に Solomon Hykes らを中心に開発され，それ以降爆発的に普及し，クラウドコンピューティングだけでなく，機械学習・科学計算の文脈などでも欠かすことのできないソフトウェアとなった． Docker はエンタープライズ向けの製品を除き無料で使用することができ，コアの部分は オープンソースプロジェクト として公開されている． Docker は Linux, Windows, Mac いずれの OS でも提供されている． 概念としては， Docker は仮想マシン (Virtual machine; VM) にとても近い． ここでは， VM との対比をしながら，Docker とはなにかを簡単に説明しよう．
仮想マシン (VM) とは，ホストとなるマシンの上に，仮想化された OS を走らせる技術である (figure_title)． VM には ハイパーバイザー (Hypervisor) とよばれるレイヤーが存在する． Hypervisor はまず，物理的な計算機リソース (CPU, RAM, network など) を分割し，仮想化する． たとえば， ホストマシンに物理的な CPU が 4 コアあるとして，ハイパーバイザーはそれを (2,2) 個の組に仮想的に分割することができる． VM 上で起動する OS には，ハイパーバイザーによって仮想化されたハードウェアが割り当てられる． VM 上で起動する OS は基本的に完全に独立であり，たとえば OS-A は OS-B に割り当てられた CPU やメモリー領域にアクセスすることはできない (これを isolation とよぶ)． VM を作成するための有名なソフトウェアとしては， VMware， VirtualBox， Xen などがある． また，これまで触ってきた EC2 も，基本的に VM 技術を使うことで所望のスペックをもった仮想マシンがユーザーに提示される．
Docker も， VM と同様に，仮想化された OS をホストの OS 上に走らせるための技術である． VM に対し， Docker ではハードウェアレベルの仮想化は行われておらず，すべての仮想化はソフトウェアレベルで実現されている (figure_title)． Docker で走る仮想 OS は，多くの部分をホストの OS に依存しており，結果として非常にコンパクトである． その結果， Docker で仮想 OS を起動するために要する時間は， VM に比べて圧倒的に早い． また， パッケージ化された環境 (=イメージ) のサイズも完全な OS に比べ圧倒的に小さくなるので，ネットワークを通じたやり取りが非常に高速化される点も重要である 加えて， VM のいくつかの実装では，メタル (仮想化マシンに対して，物理的なハードウェア上で直接起動する場合のこと) と比べ，ハイパーバイザーレイヤーでのオーバーヘッドなどにより性能が低下することが知られているが， Docker ではメタルとほぼ同様の性能を引き出すことができるとされている．
その他， VM との相違点などはたくさんあるのだが，ここではこれ以上詳細には立ち入らない． 大事なのは， Docker とはとてもコンパクトかつハイパフォーマンスな仮想計算環境を作るツールである，という点である． その手軽さゆえに，2013 年の登場以降，クラウドシステムでの利用が急速に増加し，現代のクラウドでは欠くことのできない中心的な技術になっている．
職業的プログラマーにとっての"三種の神器"とはなんだろうか？ 多様な意見があると思うが，筆者は Git, Vim そして Docker を挙げたい．
Git は多くの読者がご存じの通り，コードの変更を追跡するためのシステムである． Linux の作成者である Linus Torvalds によって 2005 年に誕生した． チームでの開発を進める際には欠かせないツールだ．
$python3Python3.7.7 (default, May72020,21:25:33)[GCC 7.3.0] :: Anaconda, Inc. on linuxType"help","copyright","credits"or"license"formoreinformation.
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_docker-system.md.d67b5e75.lean.js b/assets/development_aws_docker-system.md.61e748e7.lean.js
similarity index 88%
rename from assets/development_aws_docker-system.md.d67b5e75.lean.js
rename to assets/development_aws_docker-system.md.61e748e7.lean.js
index 9c5e929e..1e5f1105 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_docker-system.md.d67b5e75.lean.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_docker-system.md.61e748e7.lean.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as s,a,b as n,c as e,d as o,e as p,f as l,g as r}from"./chunks/ecs.73d77e6a.js";import{_ as t,c,o as i,R as y}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const f=JSON.parse('{"title":"Docker 入門","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/docker-system.md","filePath":"development/aws/docker-system.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),u={name:"development/aws/docker-system.md"},C=y("",73),d=[C];function h(m,g,A,D,k,b){return i(),c("div",null,d)}const _=t(u,[["render",h]]);export{f as __pageData,_ as default};
+import{_ as s,a,b as n,c as e,d as o,e as p,f as l,g as r}from"./chunks/ecs.73d77e6a.js";import{_ as t,c,o as i,R as y}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const f=JSON.parse('{"title":"Docker 入門","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/docker-system.md","filePath":"development/aws/docker-system.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),u={name:"development/aws/docker-system.md"},C=y("",73),d=[C];function h(m,g,A,D,k,b){return i(),c("div",null,d)}const _=t(u,[["render",h]]);export{f as __pageData,_ as default};
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_handson-bashoutter.md.b5db14ac.js b/assets/development_aws_handson-bashoutter.md.d6994f38.js
similarity index 99%
rename from assets/development_aws_handson-bashoutter.md.b5db14ac.js
rename to assets/development_aws_handson-bashoutter.md.d6994f38.js
index 55e53de4..dc20f793 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_handson-bashoutter.md.b5db14ac.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_handson-bashoutter.md.d6994f38.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import{_ as s,a,b as n,c as l,d as p,e as o,f as e,g as t,h as c}from"./chunks/bashoutter_2.cd8a2a95.js";import{_ as r,c as y,o as F,R as i}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const g=JSON.parse('{"title":"Hands-on #6: Bashoutter","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/handson-bashoutter.md","filePath":"development/aws/handson-bashoutter.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),A={name:"development/aws/handson-bashoutter.md"},B=i('
classBashoutter(core.Stack):
+import{_ as s,a,b as n,c as l,d as p,e as o,f as e,g as t,h as c}from"./chunks/bashoutter_2.cd8a2a95.js";import{_ as r,c as y,o as F,R as i}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const g=JSON.parse('{"title":"Hands-on #6: Bashoutter","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/handson-bashoutter.md","filePath":"development/aws/handson-bashoutter.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),A={name:"development/aws/handson-bashoutter.md"},B=i('
classBashoutter(core.Stack):def__init__(self,scope: core.App,name:str,**kwargs)->None:super().__init__(scope, name,**kwargs)
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_handson-bashoutter.md.b5db14ac.lean.js b/assets/development_aws_handson-bashoutter.md.d6994f38.lean.js
similarity index 89%
rename from assets/development_aws_handson-bashoutter.md.b5db14ac.lean.js
rename to assets/development_aws_handson-bashoutter.md.d6994f38.lean.js
index 356f3afd..aebadb55 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_handson-bashoutter.md.b5db14ac.lean.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_handson-bashoutter.md.d6994f38.lean.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as s,a,b as n,c as l,d as p,e as o,f as e,g as t,h as c}from"./chunks/bashoutter_2.cd8a2a95.js";import{_ as r,c as y,o as F,R as i}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const g=JSON.parse('{"title":"Hands-on #6: Bashoutter","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/handson-bashoutter.md","filePath":"development/aws/handson-bashoutter.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),A={name:"development/aws/handson-bashoutter.md"},B=i("",127),D=[B];function d(u,C,b,m,h,_){return F(),y("div",null,D)}const k=r(A,[["render",d]]);export{g as __pageData,k as default};
+import{_ as s,a,b as n,c as l,d as p,e as o,f as e,g as t,h as c}from"./chunks/bashoutter_2.cd8a2a95.js";import{_ as r,c as y,o as F,R as i}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const g=JSON.parse('{"title":"Hands-on #6: Bashoutter","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/handson-bashoutter.md","filePath":"development/aws/handson-bashoutter.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),A={name:"development/aws/handson-bashoutter.md"},B=i("",127),D=[B];function d(u,C,b,m,h,_){return F(),y("div",null,D)}const k=r(A,[["render",d]]);export{g as __pageData,k as default};
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_handson-ec2.md.f11902fb.js b/assets/development_aws_handson-ec2.md.e0b5f205.js
similarity index 99%
rename from assets/development_aws_handson-ec2.md.f11902fb.js
rename to assets/development_aws_handson-ec2.md.e0b5f205.js
index 9699a5e4..0ae7b769 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_handson-ec2.md.f11902fb.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_handson-ec2.md.e0b5f205.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import{_ as s,a,b as n,c as l,d as p,e as o,f as e}from"./chunks/ec2_keypair_console.fc89ef69.js";import{a as t,_ as c}from"./chunks/VPC.e1acca4d.js";import{_ as r,c as y,o as C,R as A}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const f=JSON.parse('{"title":"Hands-on #1: 初めての EC2 インスタンスを起動する","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/handson-ec2.md","filePath":"development/aws/handson-ec2.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),i={name:"development/aws/handson-ec2.md"},F=A('
classMyFirstEc2(core.Stack):
+import{_ as s,a,b as n,c as l,d as p,e as o,f as e}from"./chunks/ec2_keypair_console.fc89ef69.js";import{a as t,_ as c}from"./chunks/VPC.e1acca4d.js";import{_ as r,c as y,o as C,R as A}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const f=JSON.parse('{"title":"Hands-on #1: 初めての EC2 インスタンスを起動する","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/handson-ec2.md","filePath":"development/aws/handson-ec2.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),i={name:"development/aws/handson-ec2.md"},F=A('
classMyFirstEc2(core.Stack):def__init__(self,scope: core.App,name:str,key_name:str,**kwargs)->None:super().__init__(scope, name,**kwargs)
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_handson-ec2.md.f11902fb.lean.js b/assets/development_aws_handson-ec2.md.e0b5f205.lean.js
similarity index 90%
rename from assets/development_aws_handson-ec2.md.f11902fb.lean.js
rename to assets/development_aws_handson-ec2.md.e0b5f205.lean.js
index 6bff5f91..ff077e15 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_handson-ec2.md.f11902fb.lean.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_handson-ec2.md.e0b5f205.lean.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as s,a,b as n,c as l,d as p,e as o,f as e}from"./chunks/ec2_keypair_console.fc89ef69.js";import{a as t,_ as c}from"./chunks/VPC.e1acca4d.js";import{_ as r,c as y,o as C,R as A}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const f=JSON.parse('{"title":"Hands-on #1: 初めての EC2 インスタンスを起動する","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/handson-ec2.md","filePath":"development/aws/handson-ec2.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),i={name:"development/aws/handson-ec2.md"},F=A("",135),B=[F];function D(d,u,m,h,b,E){return C(),y("div",null,B)}const k=r(i,[["render",D]]);export{f as __pageData,k as default};
+import{_ as s,a,b as n,c as l,d as p,e as o,f as e}from"./chunks/ec2_keypair_console.fc89ef69.js";import{a as t,_ as c}from"./chunks/VPC.e1acca4d.js";import{_ as r,c as y,o as C,R as A}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const f=JSON.parse('{"title":"Hands-on #1: 初めての EC2 インスタンスを起動する","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/handson-ec2.md","filePath":"development/aws/handson-ec2.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),i={name:"development/aws/handson-ec2.md"},F=A("",135),B=[F];function D(d,u,m,h,b,E){return C(),y("div",null,B)}const k=r(i,[["render",D]]);export{f as __pageData,k as default};
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_handson-jupyter.md.e5baefce.js b/assets/development_aws_handson-jupyter.md.1db93890.js
similarity index 99%
rename from assets/development_aws_handson-jupyter.md.e5baefce.js
rename to assets/development_aws_handson-jupyter.md.1db93890.js
index ca915741..cb3eecc6 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_handson-jupyter.md.e5baefce.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_handson-jupyter.md.1db93890.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import{_ as s,a,b as n,c as l,d as p,e as o,f as e,g as t,h as r,i as c,j as y,k as F,l as i,m as A,n as D,o as B,p as C}from"./chunks/mnist_prediction.4ba5b405.js";import{_ as d,c as u,o as m,R as h}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const w=JSON.parse('{"title":"Hands-on #2: AWS でディープラーニングを実践","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/handson-jupyter.md","filePath":"development/aws/handson-jupyter.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),b={name:"development/aws/handson-jupyter.md"},f=h('
classEc2ForDl(core.Stack):
+import{_ as s,a,b as n,c as l,d as p,e as o,f as e,g as t,h as r,i as c,j as y,k as F,l as i,m as A,n as D,o as B,p as C}from"./chunks/mnist_prediction.4ba5b405.js";import{_ as d,c as u,o as m,R as h}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const w=JSON.parse('{"title":"Hands-on #2: AWS でディープラーニングを実践","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/handson-jupyter.md","filePath":"development/aws/handson-jupyter.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),b={name:"development/aws/handson-jupyter.md"},f=h('
classEc2ForDl(core.Stack):def__init__(self,scope: core.App,name:str,key_name:str,**kwargs)->None:super().__init__(scope, name,**kwargs)
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_handson-jupyter.md.e5baefce.lean.js b/assets/development_aws_handson-jupyter.md.1db93890.lean.js
similarity index 90%
rename from assets/development_aws_handson-jupyter.md.e5baefce.lean.js
rename to assets/development_aws_handson-jupyter.md.1db93890.lean.js
index 4c05bb73..0534c49c 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_handson-jupyter.md.e5baefce.lean.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_handson-jupyter.md.1db93890.lean.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as s,a,b as n,c as l,d as p,e as o,f as e,g as t,h as r,i as c,j as y,k as F,l as i,m as A,n as D,o as B,p as C}from"./chunks/mnist_prediction.4ba5b405.js";import{_ as d,c as u,o as m,R as h}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const w=JSON.parse('{"title":"Hands-on #2: AWS でディープラーニングを実践","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/handson-jupyter.md","filePath":"development/aws/handson-jupyter.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),b={name:"development/aws/handson-jupyter.md"},f=h("",155),g=[f];function E(v,_,k,q,S,P){return m(),u("div",null,g)}const T=d(b,[["render",E]]);export{w as __pageData,T as default};
+import{_ as s,a,b as n,c as l,d as p,e as o,f as e,g as t,h as r,i as c,j as y,k as F,l as i,m as A,n as D,o as B,p as C}from"./chunks/mnist_prediction.4ba5b405.js";import{_ as d,c as u,o as m,R as h}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const w=JSON.parse('{"title":"Hands-on #2: AWS でディープラーニングを実践","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/handson-jupyter.md","filePath":"development/aws/handson-jupyter.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),b={name:"development/aws/handson-jupyter.md"},f=h("",155),g=[f];function E(v,_,k,q,S,P){return m(),u("div",null,g)}const T=d(b,[["render",E]]);export{w as __pageData,T as default};
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_handson-qabot.md.621a44da.js b/assets/development_aws_handson-qabot.md.a4663d06.js
similarity index 99%
rename from assets/development_aws_handson-qabot.md.621a44da.js
rename to assets/development_aws_handson-qabot.md.a4663d06.js
index 8f15edee..cb66e227 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_handson-qabot.md.621a44da.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_handson-qabot.md.a4663d06.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import{_ as s,a,b as n,c as l,d as p,e as o,f as e,g as t,h as r,i as c,j as i}from"./chunks/ask_many_output.0bb19110.js";import{_ as y,c as F,o as A,R as B}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const v=JSON.parse('{"title":"Hands-on #3: AWS で自動質問回答ボットを走らせる","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/handson-qabot.md","filePath":"development/aws/handson-qabot.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),D={name:"development/aws/handson-qabot.md"},C=B('
context: Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. He is best known to the general public for his mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, which has been dubbed \\"the world's most famous equation\\". He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics \\"for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect\\", a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory.
+import{_ as s,a,b as n,c as l,d as p,e as o,f as e,g as t,h as r,i as c,j as i}from"./chunks/ask_many_output.0bb19110.js";import{_ as y,c as F,o as A,R as B}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const v=JSON.parse('{"title":"Hands-on #3: AWS で自動質問回答ボットを走らせる","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/handson-qabot.md","filePath":"development/aws/handson-qabot.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),D={name:"development/aws/handson-qabot.md"},C=B('
context: Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. He is best known to the general public for his mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, which has been dubbed \\"the world's most famous equation\\". He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics \\"for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect\\", a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory.question: In what year did Einstein win the Nobel prize?
context: Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. He is best known to the general public for his mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, which has been dubbed \\"the world's most famous equation\\". He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics \\"for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect\\", a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory.
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_handson-qabot.md.621a44da.lean.js b/assets/development_aws_handson-qabot.md.a4663d06.lean.js
similarity index 90%
rename from assets/development_aws_handson-qabot.md.621a44da.lean.js
rename to assets/development_aws_handson-qabot.md.a4663d06.lean.js
index fef157c3..da9d86db 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_handson-qabot.md.621a44da.lean.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_handson-qabot.md.a4663d06.lean.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
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+import{_ as s,a,b as n,c as l,d as p,e as o,f as e,g as t,h as r,i as c,j as i}from"./chunks/ask_many_output.0bb19110.js";import{_ as y,c as F,o as A,R as B}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const v=JSON.parse('{"title":"Hands-on #3: AWS で自動質問回答ボットを走らせる","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/handson-qabot.md","filePath":"development/aws/handson-qabot.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),D={name:"development/aws/handson-qabot.md"},C=B("",103),u=[C];function d(m,h,b,f,g,E){return A(),F("div",null,u)}const k=y(D,[["render",d]]);export{v as __pageData,k as default};
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_handson-serverless.md.4b0fe1cb.js b/assets/development_aws_handson-serverless.md.92e5231d.js
similarity index 99%
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rename to assets/development_aws_handson-serverless.md.92e5231d.js
index d9742c12..ff1fd914 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_handson-serverless.md.4b0fe1cb.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_handson-serverless.md.92e5231d.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import{_ as s,a,b as n,c as l,d as p,e as o,f as e,g as t,h as r,i as c,j as y,k as i,l as F}from"./chunks/s3_bucket_filelist.89f3f384.js";import{_ as A,c as B,o as d,R as D}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const q=JSON.parse('{"title":"Hands-on #5: サーバーレス入門","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/handson-serverless.md","filePath":"development/aws/handson-serverless.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),C={name:"development/aws/handson-serverless.md"},m=D('
#
+import{_ as s,a,b as n,c as l,d as p,e as o,f as e,g as t,h as r,i as c,j as y,k as i,l as F}from"./chunks/s3_bucket_filelist.89f3f384.js";import{_ as A,c as B,o as d,R as D}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const q=JSON.parse('{"title":"Hands-on #5: サーバーレス入門","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/handson-serverless.md","filePath":"development/aws/handson-serverless.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),C={name:"development/aws/handson-serverless.md"},m=D('
#FUNC ="""import timefrom random import choice, randint
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_handson-serverless.md.4b0fe1cb.lean.js b/assets/development_aws_handson-serverless.md.92e5231d.lean.js
similarity index 90%
rename from assets/development_aws_handson-serverless.md.4b0fe1cb.lean.js
rename to assets/development_aws_handson-serverless.md.92e5231d.lean.js
index 86f61f14..be29b358 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_handson-serverless.md.4b0fe1cb.lean.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_handson-serverless.md.92e5231d.lean.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as s,a,b as n,c as l,d as p,e as o,f as e,g as t,h as r,i as c,j as y,k as i,l as F}from"./chunks/s3_bucket_filelist.89f3f384.js";import{_ as A,c as B,o as d,R as D}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const q=JSON.parse('{"title":"Hands-on #5: サーバーレス入門","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/handson-serverless.md","filePath":"development/aws/handson-serverless.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),C={name:"development/aws/handson-serverless.md"},m=D("",125),b=[m];function u(h,_,f,v,g,E){return d(),B("div",null,b)}const w=A(C,[["render",u]]);export{q as __pageData,w as default};
+import{_ as s,a,b as n,c as l,d as p,e as o,f as e,g as t,h as r,i as c,j as y,k as i,l as F}from"./chunks/s3_bucket_filelist.89f3f384.js";import{_ as A,c as B,o as d,R as D}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const q=JSON.parse('{"title":"Hands-on #5: サーバーレス入門","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/handson-serverless.md","filePath":"development/aws/handson-serverless.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),C={name:"development/aws/handson-serverless.md"},m=D("",125),b=[m];function u(h,_,f,v,g,E){return d(),B("div",null,b)}const w=A(C,[["render",u]]);export{q as __pageData,w as default};
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_introduction.md.4b26af2e.js b/assets/development_aws_introduction.md.2f80b6bd.js
similarity index 99%
rename from assets/development_aws_introduction.md.4b26af2e.js
rename to assets/development_aws_introduction.md.2f80b6bd.js
index bdf48cd6..34e94840 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_introduction.md.4b26af2e.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_introduction.md.2f80b6bd.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as a}from"./chunks/earth_from_earth.8c108f53.js";import{_ as e,c as t,o,R as r}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const S=JSON.parse('{"title":"はじめに","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/introduction.md","filePath":"development/aws/introduction.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),s={name:"development/aws/introduction.md"},l=r('
UNIX 系コンソール: ハンズオンで紹介するコマンドを実行したり， SSH でサーバーにアクセスするため， UNIX 系のコンソール環境が必要である． Mac または Linux のユーザーは， OS に標準搭載のコンソール(ターミナルとも呼ばれる)を使用すればよい． Windows のユーザーは， Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) を使い， Linux の仮想環境のインストールを推奨する (??? 参照)．
Linux コマンドラインの基礎的な理解: クラウドを利用する際，クラウド上に立ち上がるサーバーは基本的に Linux である． Linux のコマンドラインについて知識があると，トラブルシュートなどが容易になる． 筆者のおすすめの参考書は The Linux Command Line by William Shotts である． ウェブで無料で読むことができるので，読んだことのない人はぜひ一読を．
',44),n=[l];function p(i,c,d,h,u,m){return o(),t("div",null,n)}const b=e(s,[["render",p]]);export{S as __pageData,b as default};
+import{_ as a}from"./chunks/earth_from_earth.8c108f53.js";import{_ as e,c as t,o,R as r}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const S=JSON.parse('{"title":"はじめに","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/introduction.md","filePath":"development/aws/introduction.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),s={name:"development/aws/introduction.md"},l=r('
UNIX 系コンソール: ハンズオンで紹介するコマンドを実行したり， SSH でサーバーにアクセスするため， UNIX 系のコンソール環境が必要である． Mac または Linux のユーザーは， OS に標準搭載のコンソール(ターミナルとも呼ばれる)を使用すればよい． Windows のユーザーは， Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) を使い， Linux の仮想環境のインストールを推奨する (??? 参照)．
Linux コマンドラインの基礎的な理解: クラウドを利用する際，クラウド上に立ち上がるサーバーは基本的に Linux である． Linux のコマンドラインについて知識があると，トラブルシュートなどが容易になる． 筆者のおすすめの参考書は The Linux Command Line by William Shotts である． ウェブで無料で読むことができるので，読んだことのない人はぜひ一読を．
',44),n=[l];function p(i,c,d,h,u,m){return o(),t("div",null,n)}const b=e(s,[["render",p]]);export{S as __pageData,b as default};
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similarity index 87%
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index 61b0add5..462066dc 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_introduction.md.4b26af2e.lean.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_introduction.md.2f80b6bd.lean.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
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+import{_ as a}from"./chunks/earth_from_earth.8c108f53.js";import{_ as e,c as t,o,R as r}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const S=JSON.parse('{"title":"はじめに","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/introduction.md","filePath":"development/aws/introduction.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),s={name:"development/aws/introduction.md"},l=r("",44),n=[l];function p(i,c,d,h,u,m){return o(),t("div",null,n)}const b=e(s,[["render",p]]);export{S as __pageData,b as default};
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_license.md.a1018215.js b/assets/development_aws_license.md.8e2cac5f.js
similarity index 94%
rename from assets/development_aws_license.md.a1018215.js
rename to assets/development_aws_license.md.8e2cac5f.js
index 3cbec4e0..4d377fdc 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_license.md.a1018215.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_license.md.8e2cac5f.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as s,c as a,o as n,z as e,a as t}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const c="/assets/cc_by_nc_nd.c97a96cd.png",x=JSON.parse('{"title":"ライセンス","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/license.md","filePath":"development/aws/license.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),o={name:"development/aws/license.md"},r=e("h1",{id:"ライセンス",tabindex:"-1"},[t("ライセンス "),e("a",{class:"header-anchor",href:"#ライセンス","aria-label":'Permalink to "ライセンス"'},"")],-1),l=e("p",null,[t("本教科書およびハンズオンのソースコードは "),e("a",{href:"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",target:"_blank",rel:"noreferrer"},"CC BY-NC-ND 4.0"),t(" に従うライセンスで公開しています．")],-1),_=e("p",null,"教育など非商用の目的での本教科書の使用や再配布は自由に行うことが可能です． 商用目的で本書の全体またはその一部を無断で転載する行為は，これを固く禁じます．",-1),d=e("p",null,[e("img",{src:c,alt:"cc_by_nc_nd"})],-1),i=[r,l,_,d];function p(m,h,f,u,b,v){return n(),a("div",null,i)}const N=s(o,[["render",p]]);export{x as __pageData,N as default};
+import{_ as s,c as a,o as n,z as e,a as t}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const c="/assets/cc_by_nc_nd.c97a96cd.png",x=JSON.parse('{"title":"ライセンス","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/license.md","filePath":"development/aws/license.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),o={name:"development/aws/license.md"},r=e("h1",{id:"ライセンス",tabindex:"-1"},[t("ライセンス "),e("a",{class:"header-anchor",href:"#ライセンス","aria-label":'Permalink to "ライセンス"'},"")],-1),l=e("p",null,[t("本教科書およびハンズオンのソースコードは "),e("a",{href:"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",target:"_blank",rel:"noreferrer"},"CC BY-NC-ND 4.0"),t(" に従うライセンスで公開しています．")],-1),_=e("p",null,"教育など非商用の目的での本教科書の使用や再配布は自由に行うことが可能です． 商用目的で本書の全体またはその一部を無断で転載する行為は，これを固く禁じます．",-1),d=e("p",null,[e("img",{src:c,alt:"cc_by_nc_nd"})],-1),i=[r,l,_,d];function p(m,h,f,u,b,v){return n(),a("div",null,i)}const N=s(o,[["render",p]]);export{x as __pageData,N as default};
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_license.md.a1018215.lean.js b/assets/development_aws_license.md.8e2cac5f.lean.js
similarity index 94%
rename from assets/development_aws_license.md.a1018215.lean.js
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index 3cbec4e0..4d377fdc 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_license.md.a1018215.lean.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_license.md.8e2cac5f.lean.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as s,c as a,o as n,z as e,a as t}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const c="/assets/cc_by_nc_nd.c97a96cd.png",x=JSON.parse('{"title":"ライセンス","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/license.md","filePath":"development/aws/license.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),o={name:"development/aws/license.md"},r=e("h1",{id:"ライセンス",tabindex:"-1"},[t("ライセンス "),e("a",{class:"header-anchor",href:"#ライセンス","aria-label":'Permalink to "ライセンス"'},"")],-1),l=e("p",null,[t("本教科書およびハンズオンのソースコードは "),e("a",{href:"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",target:"_blank",rel:"noreferrer"},"CC BY-NC-ND 4.0"),t(" に従うライセンスで公開しています．")],-1),_=e("p",null,"教育など非商用の目的での本教科書の使用や再配布は自由に行うことが可能です． 商用目的で本書の全体またはその一部を無断で転載する行為は，これを固く禁じます．",-1),d=e("p",null,[e("img",{src:c,alt:"cc_by_nc_nd"})],-1),i=[r,l,_,d];function p(m,h,f,u,b,v){return n(),a("div",null,i)}const N=s(o,[["render",p]]);export{x as __pageData,N as default};
+import{_ as s,c as a,o as n,z as e,a as t}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const c="/assets/cc_by_nc_nd.c97a96cd.png",x=JSON.parse('{"title":"ライセンス","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/license.md","filePath":"development/aws/license.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),o={name:"development/aws/license.md"},r=e("h1",{id:"ライセンス",tabindex:"-1"},[t("ライセンス "),e("a",{class:"header-anchor",href:"#ライセンス","aria-label":'Permalink to "ライセンス"'},"")],-1),l=e("p",null,[t("本教科書およびハンズオンのソースコードは "),e("a",{href:"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",target:"_blank",rel:"noreferrer"},"CC BY-NC-ND 4.0"),t(" に従うライセンスで公開しています．")],-1),_=e("p",null,"教育など非商用の目的での本教科書の使用や再配布は自由に行うことが可能です． 商用目的で本書の全体またはその一部を無断で転載する行為は，これを固く禁じます．",-1),d=e("p",null,[e("img",{src:c,alt:"cc_by_nc_nd"})],-1),i=[r,l,_,d];function p(m,h,f,u,b,v){return n(),a("div",null,i)}const N=s(o,[["render",p]]);export{x as __pageData,N as default};
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_main.md.0bb424e8.js b/assets/development_aws_main.md.4944bcba.js
similarity index 99%
rename from assets/development_aws_main.md.0bb424e8.js
rename to assets/development_aws_main.md.4944bcba.js
index cf9d1e6d..63006e6a 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_main.md.0bb424e8.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_main.md.4944bcba.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import{_ as n}from"./chunks/earth_from_earth.8c108f53.js";import{_ as l,a as p,b as o,c as e}from"./chunks/terminal.94539704.js";import{_ as t,a as r,b as c,c as y,d as i,e as F,f as A,g as B,h as D,i as C,j as d}from"./chunks/iac.2263bc12.js";import{_ as s,a}from"./chunks/VPC.e1acca4d.js";import{_ as u,a as m,b,c as h,d as g,e as f,f as E}from"./chunks/ec2_keypair_console.fc89ef69.js";import{_,a as v}from"./chunks/cnn.a8836fd9.js";import{_ as k,a as q,b as S,c as w,d as P,e as I,f as x,g as T,h as W,i as $,j as L,k as G,l as N,m as U,n as R,o as X,p as M}from"./chunks/mnist_prediction.4ba5b405.js";import{_ as H,a as z,b as O,c as j,d as V,e as K,f as Y,g as J}from"./chunks/ecs.73d77e6a.js";import{_ as Q,a as Z,b as ss,c as as,d as ns,e as ls,f as ps,g as os,h as es,i as ts,j as rs}from"./chunks/ask_many_output.0bb19110.js";import{_ as cs,a as ys,b as is,c as Fs,d as As,e as Bs,f as Ds,g as Cs,h as ds,i as us,j as ms,k as bs,l as hs,m as gs,n as fs,o as Es,p as _s,q as vs,r as ks,s as qs}from"./chunks/cloud_development.e43e5d4a.js";import{_ as Ss,a as ws}from"./chunks/rest_api.602a6e96.js";import{_ as Ps,a as Is,b as xs,c as Ts,d as Ws}from"./chunks/s3_vs_filesystem.fd65005d.js";import{_ as $s,a as Ls,b as Gs,c as Ns,d as Us,e as Rs,f as Xs,g as Ms,h as Hs,i as zs,j as Os,k as js,l as Vs}from"./chunks/s3_bucket_filelist.89f3f384.js";import{_ as Ks,a as Ys,b as Js,c as Qs,d as Zs,e as sa,f as aa,g as na,h as la}from"./chunks/bashoutter_2.cd8a2a95.js";import{_ as pa,a as oa,b as ea,c as ta,d as ra,e as ca,f as ya,g as ia,h as Fa,i as Aa,j as Ba,k as Da,l as Ca,m as da,n as ua,o as ma}from"./chunks/venv_shell.dc2530bc.js";import{_ as ba,c as ha,o as ga,R as fa}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const Ya=JSON.parse('{"title":"はじめに!","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/main.md","filePath":"development/aws/main.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),Ea={name:"development/aws/main.md"},_a=fa('
UNIX 系コンソール: ハンズオンで紹介するコマンドを実行したり， SSH でサーバーにアクセスするため， UNIX 系のコンソール環境が必要である． Mac または Linux のユーザーは， OS に標準搭載のコンソール(ターミナルとも呼ばれる)を使用すればよい． Windows のユーザーは， Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) を使い， Linux の仮想環境のインストールを推奨する (WSL のインストール 参照)．
Linux コマンドラインの基礎的な理解: クラウドを利用する際，クラウド上に立ち上がるサーバーは基本的に Linux である． Linux のコマンドラインについて知識があると，トラブルシュートなどが容易になる． 筆者のおすすめの参考書は The Linux Command Line by William Shotts である． ウェブで無料で読むことができるので，読んだことのない人はぜひ一読を．
個人が所有する計算機で， CPU をアップグレードしようと思ったら，物理的に筐体を開け，CPU ソケットを露出させ，新しい CPU に交換する必要があるだろう． あるいは，ストレージがいっぱいになってしまったら，古いディスクを抜き取り，新しいディスクを挿入する必要がある． 計算機の場所を移動させたときには，新しい部屋の LAN ケーブルを差し込まないとネットワークには接続できない．
先述の The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing に戻ると，クラウドプロバイダーによるクラウドサービスの形態としては，次の三つが定義されている (figure_title)．
Software as a Service (SaaS): クラウド上で実行されるアプリケーションをサービスとして利用者に提供する形態． 例として， Google Drive や Slack などが挙げられる． 利用者は，背後にあるクラウドのインフラ (ネットワークやサーバーなど) には直接触れず，アプリケーションとして提供されているクラウドサービスを享受する．
Platform as a Service (PaaS): 顧客の作成したアプリケーション (多くの場合データベースと API リクエスト処理を行うサーバーのコードから構成される) をデプロイする環境をサービスとして利用者に提供する形態． PaaS では利用者はクラウドのインフラに直接触れることはなく，計算負荷が増減した際のサーバーのスケーリングはクラウドプロバイダーによってなされる． 例としては， Google App Engine や Heroku などがある．
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): クラウド上の計算インフラストラクチャーを従量課金制で利用者に提供する形態． 利用者は必要なネットワーク・サーバー・ストレージをプロバイダーから借り受け，そこに自身のアプリケーションを展開し運用する． IaaS の例としては AWS EC2 などが挙げられる．
なお，最近では Function as a Service (FaaS) やサーバーレスコンピューティングなども新たなクラウドのカテゴリとして認知されている． これらの概念については Hands-on #5: サーバーレス入門 などの章で詳しく触れていく． 本書を読み進める中で明らかになるように，クラウドの技術は日進月歩である． 本書では実用的・教育的な観点から，従来的なクラウドの設計概念に触れたあと，サーバーレスなどの最新の技術も網羅するので，楽しみにしながら読み進めていただきたい．
Avaialibity Zone (AZ) とは，リージョン内で地理的に隔離されたデータセンターのことである． それぞれのリージョンは 2 個以上の AZ を有しており，もし一つの AZ で火災や停電などが起きた場合でも，ほかの AZ がその障害をカバーすることができる． また， AZ 間は高速な AWS 専用ネットワーク回線で結ばれているため， AZ 間のデータ転送は極めて早い． AZ は，ビジネスなどでサーバーダウンが許容されない場合などに注意すべき概念であり，個人的な用途で使う限りにおいてはあまり深く考慮する必要はない．言葉の意味だけ知っておけば十分である．
API (Application Programming Interface) を使うことで，コマンドを AWS に送信し，クラウドのリソースの操作をすることができる． API とは，端的に言えば AWS が公開しているコマンドの一覧であり，GET, POST, DELETE などの REST API から構成されている (REST API については REST API で簡単に解説する)． が，直接 REST API を入力するのは面倒であるので，その手間を解消するための様々なツールが提供されている．
例えば， AWS CLI は， UNIX コンソールから AWS API を実行するための CLI (Command Line Interface) である． CLI に加えて，いろいろなプログラミング言語での SDK (Software Development Kit) が提供されている．以下に一例を挙げる．
import boto3
+import{_ as n}from"./chunks/earth_from_earth.8c108f53.js";import{_ as l,a as p,b as o,c as e}from"./chunks/terminal.94539704.js";import{_ as t,a as r,b as c,c as y,d as i,e as F,f as A,g as B,h as D,i as C,j as d}from"./chunks/iac.2263bc12.js";import{_ as s,a}from"./chunks/VPC.e1acca4d.js";import{_ as u,a as m,b,c as h,d as g,e as f,f as E}from"./chunks/ec2_keypair_console.fc89ef69.js";import{_,a as v}from"./chunks/cnn.a8836fd9.js";import{_ as k,a as q,b as S,c as w,d as P,e as I,f as x,g as T,h as W,i as $,j as L,k as G,l as N,m as U,n as R,o as X,p as M}from"./chunks/mnist_prediction.4ba5b405.js";import{_ as H,a as z,b as O,c as j,d as V,e as K,f as Y,g as J}from"./chunks/ecs.73d77e6a.js";import{_ as Q,a as Z,b as ss,c as as,d as ns,e as ls,f as ps,g as os,h as es,i as ts,j as rs}from"./chunks/ask_many_output.0bb19110.js";import{_ as cs,a as ys,b as is,c as Fs,d as As,e as Bs,f as Ds,g as Cs,h as ds,i as us,j as ms,k as bs,l as hs,m as gs,n as fs,o as Es,p as _s,q as vs,r as ks,s as qs}from"./chunks/cloud_development.e43e5d4a.js";import{_ as Ss,a as ws}from"./chunks/rest_api.602a6e96.js";import{_ as Ps,a as Is,b as xs,c as Ts,d as Ws}from"./chunks/s3_vs_filesystem.fd65005d.js";import{_ as $s,a as Ls,b as Gs,c as Ns,d as Us,e as Rs,f as Xs,g as Ms,h as Hs,i as zs,j as Os,k as js,l as Vs}from"./chunks/s3_bucket_filelist.89f3f384.js";import{_ as Ks,a as Ys,b as Js,c as Qs,d as Zs,e as sa,f as aa,g as na,h as la}from"./chunks/bashoutter_2.cd8a2a95.js";import{_ as pa,a as oa,b as ea,c as ta,d as ra,e as ca,f as ya,g as ia,h as Fa,i as Aa,j as Ba,k as Da,l as Ca,m as da,n as ua,o as ma}from"./chunks/venv_shell.dc2530bc.js";import{_ as ba,c as ha,o as ga,R as fa}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const Ya=JSON.parse('{"title":"はじめに!","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/main.md","filePath":"development/aws/main.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),Ea={name:"development/aws/main.md"},_a=fa('
UNIX 系コンソール: ハンズオンで紹介するコマンドを実行したり， SSH でサーバーにアクセスするため， UNIX 系のコンソール環境が必要である． Mac または Linux のユーザーは， OS に標準搭載のコンソール(ターミナルとも呼ばれる)を使用すればよい． Windows のユーザーは， Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) を使い， Linux の仮想環境のインストールを推奨する (WSL のインストール 参照)．
Linux コマンドラインの基礎的な理解: クラウドを利用する際，クラウド上に立ち上がるサーバーは基本的に Linux である． Linux のコマンドラインについて知識があると，トラブルシュートなどが容易になる． 筆者のおすすめの参考書は The Linux Command Line by William Shotts である． ウェブで無料で読むことができるので，読んだことのない人はぜひ一読を．
個人が所有する計算機で， CPU をアップグレードしようと思ったら，物理的に筐体を開け，CPU ソケットを露出させ，新しい CPU に交換する必要があるだろう． あるいは，ストレージがいっぱいになってしまったら，古いディスクを抜き取り，新しいディスクを挿入する必要がある． 計算機の場所を移動させたときには，新しい部屋の LAN ケーブルを差し込まないとネットワークには接続できない．
先述の The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing に戻ると，クラウドプロバイダーによるクラウドサービスの形態としては，次の三つが定義されている (figure_title)．
Software as a Service (SaaS): クラウド上で実行されるアプリケーションをサービスとして利用者に提供する形態． 例として， Google Drive や Slack などが挙げられる． 利用者は，背後にあるクラウドのインフラ (ネットワークやサーバーなど) には直接触れず，アプリケーションとして提供されているクラウドサービスを享受する．
Platform as a Service (PaaS): 顧客の作成したアプリケーション (多くの場合データベースと API リクエスト処理を行うサーバーのコードから構成される) をデプロイする環境をサービスとして利用者に提供する形態． PaaS では利用者はクラウドのインフラに直接触れることはなく，計算負荷が増減した際のサーバーのスケーリングはクラウドプロバイダーによってなされる． 例としては， Google App Engine や Heroku などがある．
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): クラウド上の計算インフラストラクチャーを従量課金制で利用者に提供する形態． 利用者は必要なネットワーク・サーバー・ストレージをプロバイダーから借り受け，そこに自身のアプリケーションを展開し運用する． IaaS の例としては AWS EC2 などが挙げられる．
なお，最近では Function as a Service (FaaS) やサーバーレスコンピューティングなども新たなクラウドのカテゴリとして認知されている． これらの概念については Hands-on #5: サーバーレス入門 などの章で詳しく触れていく． 本書を読み進める中で明らかになるように，クラウドの技術は日進月歩である． 本書では実用的・教育的な観点から，従来的なクラウドの設計概念に触れたあと，サーバーレスなどの最新の技術も網羅するので，楽しみにしながら読み進めていただきたい．
Avaialibity Zone (AZ) とは，リージョン内で地理的に隔離されたデータセンターのことである． それぞれのリージョンは 2 個以上の AZ を有しており，もし一つの AZ で火災や停電などが起きた場合でも，ほかの AZ がその障害をカバーすることができる． また， AZ 間は高速な AWS 専用ネットワーク回線で結ばれているため， AZ 間のデータ転送は極めて早い． AZ は，ビジネスなどでサーバーダウンが許容されない場合などに注意すべき概念であり，個人的な用途で使う限りにおいてはあまり深く考慮する必要はない．言葉の意味だけ知っておけば十分である．
API (Application Programming Interface) を使うことで，コマンドを AWS に送信し，クラウドのリソースの操作をすることができる． API とは，端的に言えば AWS が公開しているコマンドの一覧であり，GET, POST, DELETE などの REST API から構成されている (REST API については REST API で簡単に解説する)． が，直接 REST API を入力するのは面倒であるので，その手間を解消するための様々なツールが提供されている．
例えば， AWS CLI は， UNIX コンソールから AWS API を実行するための CLI (Command Line Interface) である． CLI に加えて，いろいろなプログラミング言語での SDK (Software Development Kit) が提供されている．以下に一例を挙げる．
import boto3
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_main.md.0bb424e8.lean.js b/assets/development_aws_main.md.4944bcba.lean.js
similarity index 96%
rename from assets/development_aws_main.md.0bb424e8.lean.js
rename to assets/development_aws_main.md.4944bcba.lean.js
index 815e6279..1ec0c01c 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_main.md.0bb424e8.lean.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_main.md.4944bcba.lean.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
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+import{_ as n}from"./chunks/earth_from_earth.8c108f53.js";import{_ as l,a as p,b as o,c as e}from"./chunks/terminal.94539704.js";import{_ as t,a as r,b as c,c as y,d as i,e as F,f as A,g as B,h as D,i as C,j as d}from"./chunks/iac.2263bc12.js";import{_ as s,a}from"./chunks/VPC.e1acca4d.js";import{_ as u,a as m,b,c as h,d as g,e as f,f as E}from"./chunks/ec2_keypair_console.fc89ef69.js";import{_,a as v}from"./chunks/cnn.a8836fd9.js";import{_ as k,a as q,b as S,c as w,d as P,e as I,f as x,g as T,h as W,i as $,j as L,k as G,l as N,m as U,n as R,o as X,p as M}from"./chunks/mnist_prediction.4ba5b405.js";import{_ as H,a as z,b as O,c as j,d as V,e as K,f as Y,g as J}from"./chunks/ecs.73d77e6a.js";import{_ as Q,a as Z,b as ss,c as as,d as ns,e as ls,f as ps,g as os,h as es,i as ts,j as rs}from"./chunks/ask_many_output.0bb19110.js";import{_ as cs,a as ys,b as is,c as Fs,d as As,e as Bs,f as Ds,g as Cs,h as ds,i as us,j as ms,k as bs,l as hs,m as gs,n as fs,o as Es,p as _s,q as vs,r as ks,s as qs}from"./chunks/cloud_development.e43e5d4a.js";import{_ as Ss,a as ws}from"./chunks/rest_api.602a6e96.js";import{_ as Ps,a as Is,b as xs,c as Ts,d as Ws}from"./chunks/s3_vs_filesystem.fd65005d.js";import{_ as $s,a as Ls,b as Gs,c as Ns,d as Us,e as Rs,f as Xs,g as Ms,h as Hs,i as zs,j as Os,k as js,l as Vs}from"./chunks/s3_bucket_filelist.89f3f384.js";import{_ as Ks,a as Ys,b as Js,c as Qs,d as Zs,e as sa,f as aa,g as na,h as la}from"./chunks/bashoutter_2.cd8a2a95.js";import{_ as pa,a as oa,b as ea,c as ta,d as ra,e as ca,f as ya,g as ia,h as Fa,i as Aa,j as Ba,k as Da,l as Ca,m as da,n as ua,o as ma}from"./chunks/venv_shell.dc2530bc.js";import{_ as ba,c as ha,o as ga,R as fa}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const Ya=JSON.parse('{"title":"はじめに!","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/main.md","filePath":"development/aws/main.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),Ea={name:"development/aws/main.md"},_a=fa("",1319),va=[_a];function ka(qa,Sa,wa,Pa,Ia,xa){return ga(),ha("div",null,va)}const Ja=ba(Ea,[["render",ka]]);export{Ya as __pageData,Ja as default};
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_scientific-computing.md.02ee05c0.js b/assets/development_aws_scientific-computing.md.c20d5505.js
similarity index 99%
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index 682042b0..0955f745 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_scientific-computing.md.02ee05c0.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_scientific-computing.md.c20d5505.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
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',26),i=[n];function l(s,c,h,P,g,_){return r(),p("div",null,i)}const U=a(d,[["render",l]]);export{u as __pageData,U as default};
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similarity index 88%
rename from assets/development_aws_scientific-computing.md.02ee05c0.lean.js
rename to assets/development_aws_scientific-computing.md.c20d5505.lean.js
index b5276d7f..185507c4 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_scientific-computing.md.02ee05c0.lean.js
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diff --git a/assets/development_aws_serverless.md.f9429527.js b/assets/development_aws_serverless.md.b3e17f05.js
similarity index 99%
rename from assets/development_aws_serverless.md.f9429527.js
rename to assets/development_aws_serverless.md.b3e17f05.js
index 70426e2e..22837044 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_serverless.md.f9429527.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_serverless.md.b3e17f05.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as e,a,b as t,c as r,d as o}from"./chunks/s3_vs_filesystem.fd65005d.js";import{_ as s,c as n,o as p,R as l}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const q=JSON.parse('{"title":"Serverless architecture","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/serverless.md","filePath":"development/aws/serverless.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),d={name:"development/aws/serverless.md"},i=l('
従来的なストレージ (ファイルシステム) では，必ずホストとなるマシンと OS が存在しなければならない． したがって，それほどパワーは必要ないまでも，ある程度の CPU リソースを割かなければならない． また，従来的なファイルシステムでは，データ領域のサイズは最初にディスクを初期化するときに決めなければならず，後から容量を増加させることはしばしば困難である (ZFS などのファイルシステムを使えばある程度は自由にファイルシステムのサイズを変更することは可能である)． よって，従来的なクラウドでは，ストレージを借りる際にはあらかじめディスクのサイズを指定せねばならず，ディスクの中身が空であろうと満杯であろうと，同じ利用料金が発生することになる (figure_title)．
Simple Storage Service (S3) は，サーバーレスなストレージシステムを提供する (figure_title)． S3 は従来的なストレージシステムと異なり， OS に"マウントする”という概念はない． 基本的に API を通じてデータの読み書きの操作が行われる． また，データの冗長化や暗号化，バックアップの作成など，通常ならば OS と CPU が介在しなければならない操作も， API を通じて行うことができる． S3 では事前に決められたディスク領域のサイズはなく，データを入れれば入れた分だけ，保存領域は拡大していく (仕様上はペタバイトスケールのデータを保存することが可能である)． ストレージにかかる料金は，保存してあるデータの総容量で決定される．
',56),c=[i];function h(m,g,u,b,f,_){return p(),n("div",null,c)}const y=s(d,[["render",h]]);export{q as __pageData,y as default};
+import{_ as e,a,b as t,c as r,d as o}from"./chunks/s3_vs_filesystem.fd65005d.js";import{_ as s,c as n,o as p,R as l}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const q=JSON.parse('{"title":"Serverless architecture","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/serverless.md","filePath":"development/aws/serverless.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),d={name:"development/aws/serverless.md"},i=l('
従来的なストレージ (ファイルシステム) では，必ずホストとなるマシンと OS が存在しなければならない． したがって，それほどパワーは必要ないまでも，ある程度の CPU リソースを割かなければならない． また，従来的なファイルシステムでは，データ領域のサイズは最初にディスクを初期化するときに決めなければならず，後から容量を増加させることはしばしば困難である (ZFS などのファイルシステムを使えばある程度は自由にファイルシステムのサイズを変更することは可能である)． よって，従来的なクラウドでは，ストレージを借りる際にはあらかじめディスクのサイズを指定せねばならず，ディスクの中身が空であろうと満杯であろうと，同じ利用料金が発生することになる (figure_title)．
Simple Storage Service (S3) は，サーバーレスなストレージシステムを提供する (figure_title)． S3 は従来的なストレージシステムと異なり， OS に"マウントする”という概念はない． 基本的に API を通じてデータの読み書きの操作が行われる． また，データの冗長化や暗号化，バックアップの作成など，通常ならば OS と CPU が介在しなければならない操作も， API を通じて行うことができる． S3 では事前に決められたディスク領域のサイズはなく，データを入れれば入れた分だけ，保存領域は拡大していく (仕様上はペタバイトスケールのデータを保存することが可能である)． ストレージにかかる料金は，保存してあるデータの総容量で決定される．
',56),c=[i];function h(m,g,u,b,f,_){return p(),n("div",null,c)}const y=s(d,[["render",h]]);export{q as __pageData,y as default};
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_serverless.md.f9429527.lean.js b/assets/development_aws_serverless.md.b3e17f05.lean.js
similarity index 88%
rename from assets/development_aws_serverless.md.f9429527.lean.js
rename to assets/development_aws_serverless.md.b3e17f05.lean.js
index 60856dbc..6471b13b 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_serverless.md.f9429527.lean.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_serverless.md.b3e17f05.lean.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as e,a,b as t,c as r,d as o}from"./chunks/s3_vs_filesystem.fd65005d.js";import{_ as s,c as n,o as p,R as l}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const q=JSON.parse('{"title":"Serverless architecture","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/serverless.md","filePath":"development/aws/serverless.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),d={name:"development/aws/serverless.md"},i=l("",56),c=[i];function h(m,g,u,b,f,_){return p(),n("div",null,c)}const y=s(d,[["render",h]]);export{q as __pageData,y as default};
+import{_ as e,a,b as t,c as r,d as o}from"./chunks/s3_vs_filesystem.fd65005d.js";import{_ as s,c as n,o as p,R as l}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const q=JSON.parse('{"title":"Serverless architecture","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/serverless.md","filePath":"development/aws/serverless.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),d={name:"development/aws/serverless.md"},i=l("",56),c=[i];function h(m,g,u,b,f,_){return p(),n("div",null,c)}const y=s(d,[["render",h]]);export{q as __pageData,y as default};
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_webserver.md.9f1607c8.js b/assets/development_aws_webserver.md.f1aa56c5.js
similarity index 99%
rename from assets/development_aws_webserver.md.9f1607c8.js
rename to assets/development_aws_webserver.md.f1aa56c5.js
index 8ceb92ad..e5c2a0c8 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_webserver.md.9f1607c8.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_webserver.md.f1aa56c5.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as t,a as e}from"./chunks/rest_api.602a6e96.js";import{_ as o,c as d,o as r,R as a}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const I=JSON.parse('{"title":"Web サービスの作り方","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/webserver.md","filePath":"development/aws/webserver.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),s={name:"development/aws/webserver.md"},c=a('
API (Application Programming Interface) とはこれまで何度も出てきた言葉であるが，ここではよりフォーマルな定義付けを行う． API とはあるソフトウェア・アプリケーションが，外部のソフトウェアに対してコマンドやデータをやり取りするための媒介の一般的総称である． とくに，ウェブサービスの文脈では，サーバーが外界に対して提示しているコマンドの一覧のことを意味する． クライアントは，提示されている API から適切なコマンドを使うことによって，所望のデータを取得したり，あるいはサーバーにデータを送信したりする．
とくに，ウェブの文脈では REST (Representational State Transfer) とよばれる設計思想に基づいた API が現在では最も一般的に使われている． REST の設計指針に従った API のことを REST API あるいは RESTful API とよんだりする．
REST API は， figure_title に示したような Method と URI (Universal Resource Identifier) の組からなる．
また，これらのメソッドだけでは動詞として表現しきれないこともあるが， URI の名前でより意味を明確にすることもある． メソッドの使い方も，要素を削除する際は必ず DELETE を使わなければならない，という決まりもなく，たとえば， Twitter API でツイートを消す API は POST statuses/destroy/:id で定義されている． 最終的には，各ウェブサービスが公開している API ドキュメンテーションを読んで，それぞれの API がどんな操作をするのかを調べる必要がある．
REST の概念は 2000 年代初頭に確立され，今日の API 設計のスタンダードとなった． 一方で，ウェブのテクノロジーが進歩するにつれて，新たな API の設計アプローチの需要も高まっている． 近年とくに人気を集めているのが， GraphQL と呼ばれる API の設計方法である． GraphQL は Facebook 社によって最初に作られ，現在は GraghQL Foundation によって維持と更新がされている． GraphQL を使用すると，クライアントは REST と比較してより柔軟性の高いデータのクエリを行うことができるなど，いくつかの利点がある． キーワードだけでも知っておくと，今後役に立つだろう．
この API リストをもとに， Twitter のアプリまたはウェブサイトを開いたときに起こるクライアントとサーバーの通信をシミュレートしてみよう．
ユーザーが Twitter を開くと，まず最初に GET statuses/home_timeline の API リクエストによって，ユーザーのホームのタイムラインのツイートのリストが取得される． 個々のツイートは JSON 形式のデータになっており， id, text, user, coordinates, entities などの属性を含む． id はツイートに固有な ID を表し， text はツイートの本文を含んでいる． user はツイートを投稿したユーザーの名前やプロフィール画像の URL などを含んだ JSON データになっている． coordinates にはツイートが発信された地理的な座標が記録されている． また， entities にはツイートに関連するメディアファイル (画像など) のリンクなどの情報が埋め込まれている． GET statuses/home_timeline からは直近のツイートのリスト (リストが長すぎる場合は途中で切られたもの) が取得される． もしツイートの ID を知っている場合は GET statuses/show/:id を呼ぶことによって， :id パラメータで指定された特定のツイートを取得することができる．
ツイートの検索を行うためには GET search API を使用する． この API には，ツイートに含まれる単語や，ハッシュタグ，ツイートの発信された日時や場所など，様々なクエリの条件を渡すことができる． API からは， GET statuses/home_timeline などと同様， JSON 形式のツイートのデータが返される．
ユーザーが新しいツイートを投稿するには POST statuses/update のエンドポイントを利用する． POST statuses/update には，ツイートの文章や，リプライの場合はリプライ先のツイートの ID などのデータを送信する． また，ツイートに画像データを添付したい場合は， POST media/upload を併せて使用する． ツイートの削除を行うには， POST statuses/destroy/:id を用いる．
そのほか，頻繁に行われる操作としては， POST statuses/retweet/:id と POST statuses/unretweet/:id がある． これらは， :id で指定されるツイートに対して，それぞれリツイートを実行あるいは取り消すための API である． また， POST favorites/create，POST favorites/destroy を使用することによって，選択されたツイートに"いいね"を追加したり，取り消したりする操作を行う．
このような一連の操作が， Twitter のアプリの背後では行われている． また，自分自身でボットを作成したい場合は，これらの API を適切に組み合わせ，カスタムのプログラムを書くことで実現される．
このように， API はあらゆるウェブサービスを作るうえで一番基礎となる要素である． 次からの章では本章で紹介した用語が何度も出てくるので，頭の片隅に置いたうえで読み進めていただきたい．
',30),p=[c];function i(n,l,T,P,h,u){return r(),d("div",null,p)}const S=o(s,[["render",i]]);export{I as __pageData,S as default};
+import{_ as t,a as e}from"./chunks/rest_api.602a6e96.js";import{_ as o,c as d,o as r,R as a}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const I=JSON.parse('{"title":"Web サービスの作り方","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/webserver.md","filePath":"development/aws/webserver.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),s={name:"development/aws/webserver.md"},c=a('
API (Application Programming Interface) とはこれまで何度も出てきた言葉であるが，ここではよりフォーマルな定義付けを行う． API とはあるソフトウェア・アプリケーションが，外部のソフトウェアに対してコマンドやデータをやり取りするための媒介の一般的総称である． とくに，ウェブサービスの文脈では，サーバーが外界に対して提示しているコマンドの一覧のことを意味する． クライアントは，提示されている API から適切なコマンドを使うことによって，所望のデータを取得したり，あるいはサーバーにデータを送信したりする．
とくに，ウェブの文脈では REST (Representational State Transfer) とよばれる設計思想に基づいた API が現在では最も一般的に使われている． REST の設計指針に従った API のことを REST API あるいは RESTful API とよんだりする．
REST API は， figure_title に示したような Method と URI (Universal Resource Identifier) の組からなる．
また，これらのメソッドだけでは動詞として表現しきれないこともあるが， URI の名前でより意味を明確にすることもある． メソッドの使い方も，要素を削除する際は必ず DELETE を使わなければならない，という決まりもなく，たとえば， Twitter API でツイートを消す API は POST statuses/destroy/:id で定義されている． 最終的には，各ウェブサービスが公開している API ドキュメンテーションを読んで，それぞれの API がどんな操作をするのかを調べる必要がある．
REST の概念は 2000 年代初頭に確立され，今日の API 設計のスタンダードとなった． 一方で，ウェブのテクノロジーが進歩するにつれて，新たな API の設計アプローチの需要も高まっている． 近年とくに人気を集めているのが， GraphQL と呼ばれる API の設計方法である． GraphQL は Facebook 社によって最初に作られ，現在は GraghQL Foundation によって維持と更新がされている． GraphQL を使用すると，クライアントは REST と比較してより柔軟性の高いデータのクエリを行うことができるなど，いくつかの利点がある． キーワードだけでも知っておくと，今後役に立つだろう．
この API リストをもとに， Twitter のアプリまたはウェブサイトを開いたときに起こるクライアントとサーバーの通信をシミュレートしてみよう．
ユーザーが Twitter を開くと，まず最初に GET statuses/home_timeline の API リクエストによって，ユーザーのホームのタイムラインのツイートのリストが取得される． 個々のツイートは JSON 形式のデータになっており， id, text, user, coordinates, entities などの属性を含む． id はツイートに固有な ID を表し， text はツイートの本文を含んでいる． user はツイートを投稿したユーザーの名前やプロフィール画像の URL などを含んだ JSON データになっている． coordinates にはツイートが発信された地理的な座標が記録されている． また， entities にはツイートに関連するメディアファイル (画像など) のリンクなどの情報が埋め込まれている． GET statuses/home_timeline からは直近のツイートのリスト (リストが長すぎる場合は途中で切られたもの) が取得される． もしツイートの ID を知っている場合は GET statuses/show/:id を呼ぶことによって， :id パラメータで指定された特定のツイートを取得することができる．
ツイートの検索を行うためには GET search API を使用する． この API には，ツイートに含まれる単語や，ハッシュタグ，ツイートの発信された日時や場所など，様々なクエリの条件を渡すことができる． API からは， GET statuses/home_timeline などと同様， JSON 形式のツイートのデータが返される．
ユーザーが新しいツイートを投稿するには POST statuses/update のエンドポイントを利用する． POST statuses/update には，ツイートの文章や，リプライの場合はリプライ先のツイートの ID などのデータを送信する． また，ツイートに画像データを添付したい場合は， POST media/upload を併せて使用する． ツイートの削除を行うには， POST statuses/destroy/:id を用いる．
そのほか，頻繁に行われる操作としては， POST statuses/retweet/:id と POST statuses/unretweet/:id がある． これらは， :id で指定されるツイートに対して，それぞれリツイートを実行あるいは取り消すための API である． また， POST favorites/create，POST favorites/destroy を使用することによって，選択されたツイートに"いいね"を追加したり，取り消したりする操作を行う．
このような一連の操作が， Twitter のアプリの背後では行われている． また，自分自身でボットを作成したい場合は，これらの API を適切に組み合わせ，カスタムのプログラムを書くことで実現される．
このように， API はあらゆるウェブサービスを作るうえで一番基礎となる要素である． 次からの章では本章で紹介した用語が何度も出てくるので，頭の片隅に置いたうえで読み進めていただきたい．
',30),p=[c];function i(n,l,T,P,h,u){return r(),d("div",null,p)}const S=o(s,[["render",i]]);export{I as __pageData,S as default};
diff --git a/assets/development_aws_webserver.md.9f1607c8.lean.js b/assets/development_aws_webserver.md.f1aa56c5.lean.js
similarity index 87%
rename from assets/development_aws_webserver.md.9f1607c8.lean.js
rename to assets/development_aws_webserver.md.f1aa56c5.lean.js
index 2ec6430e..ec1fb656 100644
--- a/assets/development_aws_webserver.md.9f1607c8.lean.js
+++ b/assets/development_aws_webserver.md.f1aa56c5.lean.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as t,a as e}from"./chunks/rest_api.602a6e96.js";import{_ as o,c as d,o as r,R as a}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const I=JSON.parse('{"title":"Web サービスの作り方","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/webserver.md","filePath":"development/aws/webserver.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),s={name:"development/aws/webserver.md"},c=a("",30),p=[c];function i(n,l,T,P,h,u){return r(),d("div",null,p)}const S=o(s,[["render",i]]);export{I as __pageData,S as default};
+import{_ as t,a as e}from"./chunks/rest_api.602a6e96.js";import{_ as o,c as d,o as r,R as a}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const I=JSON.parse('{"title":"Web サービスの作り方","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"development/aws/webserver.md","filePath":"development/aws/webserver.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),s={name:"development/aws/webserver.md"},c=a("",30),p=[c];function i(n,l,T,P,h,u){return r(),d("div",null,p)}const S=o(s,[["render",i]]);export{I as __pageData,S as default};
diff --git a/assets/getting-started.md.3a077d87.js b/assets/getting-started.md.7c0fb745.js
similarity index 99%
rename from assets/getting-started.md.3a077d87.js
rename to assets/getting-started.md.7c0fb745.js
index 8e2d4f2a..2dff29d4 100644
--- a/assets/getting-started.md.3a077d87.js
+++ b/assets/getting-started.md.7c0fb745.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import{_ as s,c as a,o,R as n}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const A=JSON.parse('{"title":"Git push results in \\"Authentication Failed”","description":"","frontmatter":{"title":"Git push results in \\"Authentication Failed”","author":"Anda Toshiki","date":"2023/2/21/ 10:54","editLink":true,"lastUpdated":true},"headers":[],"relativePath":"getting-started.md","filePath":"getting-started.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),l={name:"getting-started.md"},e=n(`
$gitpush
+import{_ as s,c as a,o,R as n}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const A=JSON.parse('{"title":"Git push results in \\"Authentication Failed”","description":"","frontmatter":{"title":"Git push results in \\"Authentication Failed”","author":"Anda Toshiki","date":"2023/2/21/ 10:54","editLink":true,"lastUpdated":true},"headers":[],"relativePath":"getting-started.md","filePath":"getting-started.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),l={name:"getting-started.md"},e=n(`
$gitpushUsernamefor'https://github.com':\${{ GITHUB_USERNAME }}Passwordfor'https://andatoshiki@github.com':\${{ GITHUB_PASSWORD }}# or GitHub personal access tokenremote:Invalidusernameorpassword.
diff --git a/assets/getting-started.md.3a077d87.lean.js b/assets/getting-started.md.7c0fb745.lean.js
similarity index 89%
rename from assets/getting-started.md.3a077d87.lean.js
rename to assets/getting-started.md.7c0fb745.lean.js
index e7e91d92..59e63a98 100644
--- a/assets/getting-started.md.3a077d87.lean.js
+++ b/assets/getting-started.md.7c0fb745.lean.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as s,c as a,o,R as n}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const A=JSON.parse('{"title":"Git push results in \\"Authentication Failed”","description":"","frontmatter":{"title":"Git push results in \\"Authentication Failed”","author":"Anda Toshiki","date":"2023/2/21/ 10:54","editLink":true,"lastUpdated":true},"headers":[],"relativePath":"getting-started.md","filePath":"getting-started.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),l={name:"getting-started.md"},e=n("",15),t=[e];function p(r,c,i,y,u,C){return o(),a("div",null,t)}const h=s(l,[["render",p]]);export{A as __pageData,h as default};
+import{_ as s,c as a,o,R as n}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const A=JSON.parse('{"title":"Git push results in \\"Authentication Failed”","description":"","frontmatter":{"title":"Git push results in \\"Authentication Failed”","author":"Anda Toshiki","date":"2023/2/21/ 10:54","editLink":true,"lastUpdated":true},"headers":[],"relativePath":"getting-started.md","filePath":"getting-started.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),l={name:"getting-started.md"},e=n("",15),t=[e];function p(r,c,i,y,u,C){return o(),a("div",null,t)}const h=s(l,[["render",p]]);export{A as __pageData,h as default};
diff --git a/assets/index.md.cca628bd.js b/assets/index.md.da64b2ac.js
similarity index 96%
rename from assets/index.md.cca628bd.js
rename to assets/index.md.da64b2ac.js
index 126a06a8..3d5e1a09 100644
--- a/assets/index.md.cca628bd.js
+++ b/assets/index.md.da64b2ac.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as e,c as t,o as a}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const c=JSON.parse(`{"title":"Toshiki's Notebook","titleTemplate":"Eternal digital knowledge base for content craetion and notes management.","description":"","frontmatter":{"layout":"home","title":"Toshiki's Notebook","titleTemplate":"Eternal digital knowledge base for content craetion and notes management.","hero":{"name":"Toshiki's Notebook","text":"Research & Produce","tagline":"👨💻 Eternal & digital knowledge base for content craetion and notes management.","image":{"src":"/logos/logo.svg","alt":"Home logo"},"actions":[{"theme":"brand","text":"👉 Start Reading","link":"/getting-started"},{"theme":"alt","text":"🗒️ View on GitHub","link":"https://github.com/andatoshiki/toshiki-notebook"}]},"features":[{"icon":"🕒","title":"Tempus Fugit","details":"Tempus Fugit, which means \\"time flies\\" in Latin, is a phrase that highlights the fact that every person has the same 24 hours per day to learn. However, this time is never enough to learn everything. That's why recording knowledge for review is essential."},{"icon":"☕","title":"Carpe Diem","details":"Carpe Diem, take it slow, seize the day and savor its moments. Enjoy a cup of coffee while playing blues on a 1980s-style CD player. Turn off the lights, close the curtains, and let the small lamp illuminate the space. The time is yours, relish the day, and unleash the productivity while learning."},{"icon":"💡","title":"Epiphania","details":"An epiphany, derived from the Latin word \\"epiphania,\\" is a moment of sudden and brilliant realization or insight. These moments of clarity and inspiration are precious and should be treated as such; to ensure that we don't forget these valuable ideas."}]},"headers":[],"relativePath":"index.md","filePath":"index.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}`),i={name:"index.md"};function n(o,s,r,l,h,d){return a(),t("div")}const p=e(i,[["render",n]]);export{c as __pageData,p as default};
+import{_ as e,c as t,o as a}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const c=JSON.parse(`{"title":"Toshiki's Notebook","titleTemplate":"Eternal digital knowledge base for content craetion and notes management.","description":"","frontmatter":{"layout":"home","title":"Toshiki's Notebook","titleTemplate":"Eternal digital knowledge base for content craetion and notes management.","hero":{"name":"Toshiki's Notebook","text":"Research & Produce","tagline":"👨💻 Eternal & digital knowledge base for content craetion and notes management.","image":{"src":"/logos/logo.svg","alt":"Home logo"},"actions":[{"theme":"brand","text":"👉 Start Reading","link":"/getting-started"},{"theme":"alt","text":"🗒️ View on GitHub","link":"https://github.com/andatoshiki/toshiki-notebook"}]},"features":[{"icon":"🕒","title":"Tempus Fugit","details":"Tempus Fugit, which means \\"time flies\\" in Latin, is a phrase that highlights the fact that every person has the same 24 hours per day to learn. However, this time is never enough to learn everything. That's why recording knowledge for review is essential."},{"icon":"☕","title":"Carpe Diem","details":"Carpe Diem, take it slow, seize the day and savor its moments. Enjoy a cup of coffee while playing blues on a 1980s-style CD player. Turn off the lights, close the curtains, and let the small lamp illuminate the space. The time is yours, relish the day, and unleash the productivity while learning."},{"icon":"💡","title":"Epiphania","details":"An epiphany, derived from the Latin word \\"epiphania,\\" is a moment of sudden and brilliant realization or insight. These moments of clarity and inspiration are precious and should be treated as such; to ensure that we don't forget these valuable ideas."}]},"headers":[],"relativePath":"index.md","filePath":"index.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}`),i={name:"index.md"};function n(o,s,r,l,h,d){return a(),t("div")}const p=e(i,[["render",n]]);export{c as __pageData,p as default};
diff --git a/assets/index.md.cca628bd.lean.js b/assets/index.md.da64b2ac.lean.js
similarity index 96%
rename from assets/index.md.cca628bd.lean.js
rename to assets/index.md.da64b2ac.lean.js
index 126a06a8..3d5e1a09 100644
--- a/assets/index.md.cca628bd.lean.js
+++ b/assets/index.md.da64b2ac.lean.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as e,c as t,o as a}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const c=JSON.parse(`{"title":"Toshiki's Notebook","titleTemplate":"Eternal digital knowledge base for content craetion and notes management.","description":"","frontmatter":{"layout":"home","title":"Toshiki's Notebook","titleTemplate":"Eternal digital knowledge base for content craetion and notes management.","hero":{"name":"Toshiki's Notebook","text":"Research & Produce","tagline":"👨💻 Eternal & digital knowledge base for content craetion and notes management.","image":{"src":"/logos/logo.svg","alt":"Home logo"},"actions":[{"theme":"brand","text":"👉 Start Reading","link":"/getting-started"},{"theme":"alt","text":"🗒️ View on GitHub","link":"https://github.com/andatoshiki/toshiki-notebook"}]},"features":[{"icon":"🕒","title":"Tempus Fugit","details":"Tempus Fugit, which means \\"time flies\\" in Latin, is a phrase that highlights the fact that every person has the same 24 hours per day to learn. However, this time is never enough to learn everything. That's why recording knowledge for review is essential."},{"icon":"☕","title":"Carpe Diem","details":"Carpe Diem, take it slow, seize the day and savor its moments. Enjoy a cup of coffee while playing blues on a 1980s-style CD player. Turn off the lights, close the curtains, and let the small lamp illuminate the space. The time is yours, relish the day, and unleash the productivity while learning."},{"icon":"💡","title":"Epiphania","details":"An epiphany, derived from the Latin word \\"epiphania,\\" is a moment of sudden and brilliant realization or insight. These moments of clarity and inspiration are precious and should be treated as such; to ensure that we don't forget these valuable ideas."}]},"headers":[],"relativePath":"index.md","filePath":"index.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}`),i={name:"index.md"};function n(o,s,r,l,h,d){return a(),t("div")}const p=e(i,[["render",n]]);export{c as __pageData,p as default};
+import{_ as e,c as t,o as a}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const c=JSON.parse(`{"title":"Toshiki's Notebook","titleTemplate":"Eternal digital knowledge base for content craetion and notes management.","description":"","frontmatter":{"layout":"home","title":"Toshiki's Notebook","titleTemplate":"Eternal digital knowledge base for content craetion and notes management.","hero":{"name":"Toshiki's Notebook","text":"Research & Produce","tagline":"👨💻 Eternal & digital knowledge base for content craetion and notes management.","image":{"src":"/logos/logo.svg","alt":"Home logo"},"actions":[{"theme":"brand","text":"👉 Start Reading","link":"/getting-started"},{"theme":"alt","text":"🗒️ View on GitHub","link":"https://github.com/andatoshiki/toshiki-notebook"}]},"features":[{"icon":"🕒","title":"Tempus Fugit","details":"Tempus Fugit, which means \\"time flies\\" in Latin, is a phrase that highlights the fact that every person has the same 24 hours per day to learn. However, this time is never enough to learn everything. That's why recording knowledge for review is essential."},{"icon":"☕","title":"Carpe Diem","details":"Carpe Diem, take it slow, seize the day and savor its moments. Enjoy a cup of coffee while playing blues on a 1980s-style CD player. Turn off the lights, close the curtains, and let the small lamp illuminate the space. The time is yours, relish the day, and unleash the productivity while learning."},{"icon":"💡","title":"Epiphania","details":"An epiphany, derived from the Latin word \\"epiphania,\\" is a moment of sudden and brilliant realization or insight. These moments of clarity and inspiration are precious and should be treated as such; to ensure that we don't forget these valuable ideas."}]},"headers":[],"relativePath":"index.md","filePath":"index.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}`),i={name:"index.md"};function n(o,s,r,l,h,d){return a(),t("div")}const p=e(i,[["render",n]]);export{c as __pageData,p as default};
diff --git a/assets/javascript_notes_1_1-1.md.550dc171.js b/assets/javascript_notes_1_1-1.md.acdd1645.js
similarity index 99%
rename from assets/javascript_notes_1_1-1.md.550dc171.js
rename to assets/javascript_notes_1_1-1.md.acdd1645.js
index 8cc137bd..4638c97c 100644
--- a/assets/javascript_notes_1_1-1.md.550dc171.js
+++ b/assets/javascript_notes_1_1-1.md.acdd1645.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import{_ as t,c as l,z as s,a as e,E as o,R as a,o as p,G as i}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const T=JSON.parse('{"title":"1-1: Values","description":"Chapter 1-1 notes on values","frontmatter":{"title":"1-1: Values","description":"Chapter 1-1 notes on values"},"headers":[],"relativePath":"javascript/notes/1/1-1.md","filePath":"javascript/notes/1/1-1.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),r={name:"javascript/notes/1/1-1.md"},c=s("h1",{id:"_1-1-values",tabindex:"-1"},[e("1-1: Values "),s("a",{class:"header-anchor",href:"#_1-1-values","aria-label":'Permalink to "1-1: Values"'},"")],-1),d={id:"_1-1-1-numbers",tabindex:"-1"},h=s("a",{class:"header-anchor",href:"#_1-1-1-numbers","aria-label":'Permalink to "1-1-1: Numbers "'},"",-1),u=a(`
Values of the number type are numeric values, normally written as follows,
js
144
144
1
Put this into a program, it will cause the number 144 to come into existence inside the computer, with the following bash script, 144 might looks like this in bits,
With the following bash script, 144 will be converted into binary values in integer form,
sh
ip1=144# defines a variable named ip1, with the value of 10
+import{_ as t,c as l,z as s,a as e,E as o,R as a,o as p,G as i}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const T=JSON.parse('{"title":"1-1: Values","description":"Chapter 1-1 notes on values","frontmatter":{"title":"1-1: Values","description":"Chapter 1-1 notes on values"},"headers":[],"relativePath":"javascript/notes/1/1-1.md","filePath":"javascript/notes/1/1-1.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),r={name:"javascript/notes/1/1-1.md"},c=s("h1",{id:"_1-1-values",tabindex:"-1"},[e("1-1: Values "),s("a",{class:"header-anchor",href:"#_1-1-values","aria-label":'Permalink to "1-1: Values"'},"")],-1),d={id:"_1-1-1-numbers",tabindex:"-1"},h=s("a",{class:"header-anchor",href:"#_1-1-1-numbers","aria-label":'Permalink to "1-1-1: Numbers "'},"",-1),u=a(`
Values of the number type are numeric values, normally written as follows,
js
144
144
1
Put this into a program, it will cause the number 144 to come into existence inside the computer, with the following bash script, 144 might looks like this in bits,
With the following bash script, 144 will be converted into binary values in integer form,
sh
ip1=144# defines a variable named ip1, with the value of 10echo"obase=2;$ip1"|bc# convert the value to binary via bc
ip1=144# defines a variable named ip1, with the value of 10echo"obase=2;$ip1" | bc# convert the value to binary via bc
1 2
The variable ip1 is assigned the value 144.
The echo command prints out the string "obase=2;144", where "obase=2;" is an argument for bc that tells it to output the result in base 2 (binary), and "10" is the decimal number we want to convert.
The output of the echo command is piped (using the | character) to bc, which takes the input "obase=2;144" and interprets it as a command to convert the number 10 to binary.
Finally, the binary equivalent of 144, which is "10010000", is printed to the terminal.
TIP
But the standard describes JavaScript numbers as 64-bit floating-point values, which indicates fractions and exponents are available.
`,4),m=s("p",null,[e("Not all whole numbers "),s("span",{class:"katex"},[s("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[s("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[s("semantics",null,[s("mrow",null,[s("mn",null,"1"),s("msup",null,[s("mn",null,"0"),s("mn",null,"19")])]),s("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"10^{19}")])])]),s("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[s("span",{class:"base"},[s("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.8141em"}}),s("span",{class:"mord"},"1"),s("span",{class:"mord"},[s("span",{class:"mord"},"0"),s("span",{class:"msupsub"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-t"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.8141em"}},[s("span",{style:{top:"-3.063em","margin-right":"0.05em"}},[s("span",{class:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}}),s("span",{class:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},"19")])])])])])])])])])])]),e(" fit in a JavaScript number. There are also negative numbers, so one of the bits has to be used to store the sign of the number.")],-1),y=s("ul",null,[s("li",null,"11 bits are used to store the position of the decimal dot within the number."),s("li",null,[e("52 bits, any whole number less than "),s("span",{class:"katex"},[s("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[s("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[s("semantics",null,[s("mrow",null,[s("msup",null,[s("mn",null,"2"),s("mn",null,"52")])]),s("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"2^{52}")])])]),s("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[s("span",{class:"base"},[s("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.8141em"}}),s("span",{class:"mord"},[s("span",{class:"mord"},"2"),s("span",{class:"msupsub"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-t"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.8141em"}},[s("span",{style:{top:"-3.063em","margin-right":"0.05em"}},[s("span",{class:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}}),s("span",{class:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},"52")])])])])])])])])])])]),e(", which is more than "),s("span",{class:"katex"},[s("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[s("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[s("semantics",null,[s("mrow",null,[s("mn",null,"1"),s("msup",null,[s("mn",null,"0"),s("mn",null,"15")])]),s("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"10^{15}")])])]),s("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[s("span",{class:"base"},[s("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.8141em"}}),s("span",{class:"mord"},"1"),s("span",{class:"mord"},[s("span",{class:"mord"},"0"),s("span",{class:"msupsub"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-t"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.8141em"}},[s("span",{style:{top:"-3.063em","margin-right":"0.05em"}},[s("span",{class:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}}),s("span",{class:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},"15")])])])])])])])])])])]),e(" will safely fit in a JavaScript number, numbers we are using stay well below that.")])],-1),g=a('
Fractional numbers are written by using a dot,
js
9.81
9.81
1
For extreme huge or tiny numbers, we can also use "scientific" notion by adding an e, followed by the exponent of the number,
js
2.998e8
2.998e8
1
',4),b=s("p",null,[e("This indicates "),s("span",{class:"katex"},[s("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[s("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[s("semantics",null,[s("mrow",null,[s("mn",null,"2.998"),s("mo",null,"×"),s("mn",null,"1"),s("msup",null,[s("mn",null,"0"),s("mn",null,"8")]),s("mo",null,"="),s("mn",null,"29980000")]),s("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"2.998 \\times 10^8 = 29980000")])])]),s("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[s("span",{class:"base"},[s("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.7278em","vertical-align":"-0.0833em"}}),s("span",{class:"mord"},"2.998"),s("span",{class:"mspace",style:{"margin-right":"0.2222em"}}),s("span",{class:"mbin"},"×"),s("span",{class:"mspace",style:{"margin-right":"0.2222em"}})]),s("span",{class:"base"},[s("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.8141em"}}),s("span",{class:"mord"},"1"),s("span",{class:"mord"},[s("span",{class:"mord"},"0"),s("span",{class:"msupsub"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-t"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.8141em"}},[s("span",{style:{top:"-3.063em","margin-right":"0.05em"}},[s("span",{class:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}}),s("span",{class:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},"8")])])])])])])]),s("span",{class:"mspace",style:{"margin-right":"0.2778em"}}),s("span",{class:"mrel"},"="),s("span",{class:"mspace",style:{"margin-right":"0.2778em"}})]),s("span",{class:"base"},[s("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.6444em"}}),s("span",{class:"mord"},"29980000")])])]),e(".")],-1),v=s("p",null,[e("Calculations with whole numbers (referred as "),s("em",null,"integers"),e(") that fits into 52 bits are guaranteed to be always precise, but calculation with fraction numbers are generally not.")],-1),C=s("ul",null,[s("li",null,[e("Such as "),s("span",{class:"katex"},[s("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[s("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[s("semantics",null,[s("mrow",null,[s("mi",null,"π")]),s("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"\\pi")])])]),s("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[s("span",{class:"base"},[s("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.4306em"}}),s("span",{class:"mord mathnormal",style:{"margin-right":"0.03588em"}},"π")])])]),e(" cannot be precisely expressed by a finite amount of decimal digits, "),s("strong",null,"thus many numbers lose some precision when only 64 bits are available to store them.")])],-1),w=s("details",{class:"details custom-block"},[s("summary",null,"1-1-1: Numbers review"),s("ul",null,[s("li",null,[e("64 bits: A 64-bit number is a binary sequence of 64 bits, which can represent "),s("span",{class:"katex"},[s("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[s("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[s("semantics",null,[s("mrow",null,[s("msup",null,[s("mn",null,"2"),s("mn",null,"64")])]),s("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"2^{64}")])])]),s("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[s("span",{class:"base"},[s("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.8141em"}}),s("span",{class:"mord"},[s("span",{class:"mord"},"2"),s("span",{class:"msupsub"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-t"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.8141em"}},[s("span",{style:{top:"-3.063em","margin-right":"0.05em"}},[s("span",{class:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}}),s("span",{class:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},"64")])])])])])])])])])])]),e(" (18,446,744,073,709,551,616) different values. This is commonly used for representing memory addresses and integers with large values in computer systems.")]),s("li",null,[e("11 bits: An 11-bit number is a binary sequence of 11 bits, which can represent "),s("span",{class:"katex"},[s("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[s("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[s("semantics",null,[s("mrow",null,[s("msup",null,[s("mn",null,"2"),s("mn",null,"11")])]),s("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"2^{11}")])])]),s("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[s("span",{class:"base"},[s("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.8141em"}}),s("span",{class:"mord"},[s("span",{class:"mord"},"2"),s("span",{class:"msupsub"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-t"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.8141em"}},[s("span",{style:{top:"-3.063em","margin-right":"0.05em"}},[s("span",{class:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}}),s("span",{class:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},"11")])])])])])])])])])])]),e(" (2,048) different values. This is often used in computer systems for encoding small integers, such as color values in images.")]),s("li",null,[e("52 bits: A 52-bit number is a binary sequence of 52 bits, which can represent "),s("span",{class:"katex"},[s("span",{class:"katex-mathml"},[s("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[s("semantics",null,[s("mrow",null,[s("msup",null,[s("mn",null,"2"),s("mn",null,"52")])]),s("annotation",{encoding:"application/x-tex"},"2^{52}")])])]),s("span",{class:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"},[s("span",{class:"base"},[s("span",{class:"strut",style:{height:"0.8141em"}}),s("span",{class:"mord"},[s("span",{class:"mord"},"2"),s("span",{class:"msupsub"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-t"},[s("span",{class:"vlist-r"},[s("span",{class:"vlist",style:{height:"0.8141em"}},[s("span",{style:{top:"-3.063em","margin-right":"0.05em"}},[s("span",{class:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}}),s("span",{class:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},[s("span",{class:"mord mtight"},"52")])])])])])])])])])])]),e(" (4,503,599,627,370,496) different values. This is often used for representing the significand or mantissa portion of a floating-point number in computer systems.")])])],-1),k=a(`
The main thing to do with numbers is arithmetic. Arithmetic operations such as addition or multiplication take two number values and produce a new number from them, the following is an example of calculation in JavaScript.
js
100+4*11
100+4*11
1
The + and * symbols are called operators.
+ apparently stands for addition while * stands for multiplication.
This expression indicates the multiplication takes place first then the adding of 100 comes next as a regard to PEMDAS rules (Order of Operations).
But we can still overwrite the steps of operation using a parenthesis around the addition,
js
;(100+4) *11
;(100+4) *11
1
For subtraction, there is the - operator, and division can be done with /. When operators appear together without parentheses, they are applied is determined by the precedence of the operators.
When multiple operators with the same precedence appear next to each other (as 1-2+1), they are applied left to right (refers to PEMDAS).
Precedence: Priorities.
WARNING
When is doubt, don't care about precedence, just add parentheses for order of operation.
There is one more arithmetic operator, which is the % percent sign used to represent the modulo operation. The term "X modulo Y" is defined as the remainder of dividing X by Y.
For example, 314 % 100 is 14, 10 % 3 is 1, and 144 % 12 is 0 because there are no remainders.
Modulo's precedence is the same as that of multiplication and division.
1-2: Arithmetic review
All of the operators in JavaScript follows precedence rules, or referred as PEMDAS in conventional math.
+ and - has the same lowest precedence.
* , / and % has the same medium precedence.
() has the highest precedence, followed on with brackets.
The symbol % refers to "modulo", in mathematical reading, we say "X modulo Y" is the remainder of X over Y.
The next data type is the string. Its use is not as evident from its name as with numbers, it also fulfills a very basic role.
Strings are used to represent text.
Strings are usually written by enclosing the contents with quotes.
js
'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.''Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.'
'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.'
diff --git a/assets/javascript_notes_1_1-1.md.550dc171.lean.js b/assets/javascript_notes_1_1-1.md.acdd1645.lean.js
similarity index 99%
rename from assets/javascript_notes_1_1-1.md.550dc171.lean.js
rename to assets/javascript_notes_1_1-1.md.acdd1645.lean.js
index 12abf1c9..8714ac89 100644
--- a/assets/javascript_notes_1_1-1.md.550dc171.lean.js
+++ b/assets/javascript_notes_1_1-1.md.acdd1645.lean.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
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diff --git a/assets/save_reading_outliers_1.md.319c9229.js b/assets/save_reading_outliers_1.md.706e631a.js
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In the late 1800s, immigrants from Roseto Valfortore, Italy, came to Pennsylvania to work in the slate quarry near the town of Bangor. The settlers established a new community, named after their old one: Roseto. They built schools, a park, small shops, and more than a dozen factories. They kept to themselves and did not interact much with the predominantly German and English populations of the towns around them.
In the 1950s, a local doctor told Stewart Wolf, a medical researcher, that hardly anyone in Roseto under age sixty-five had heart disease. Wolf was curious. He did blood draws and EKG scans, and he analyzed physicians’ records and death certificates. Wolf was amazed that almost no one under fifty-five showed any signs of heart disease, which at the time was America’s leading cause of death in men under sixty-five. Wolf enlisted the help of John Bruhn, a sociologist. They found that there was no suicide, alcoholism, or drug addiction in Roseto: everyone seemed to be dying of old age. According to Gladwell, Roseto was an outlier.
Wolf was forced to rule out diet and lifestyle as explanations, because the Rosetans had poor eating habits, smoked heavily, and were obese. He ruled out genetics after determining that Rosetans’ relatives in other parts of the country were not in comparably good health. Wolf eventually decided that what made Roseto’s inhabitants so healthy was the town itself—its culture and social structure. Many homes contained three generations living together, and with a population of just two thousand people, there were twenty-two separate civic organizations.
Wolf and Bruhn were met with a great deal of skepticism. They had to work hard to convince the medical establishment that the values of where we live and the people around us have a significant impact on who we are. Gladwell wants Outliers to do for our understanding of success what Wolf did for our understanding of health.
Gladwell describes a game between two teams in the Canadian Hockey League, the most competitive junior hockey league in the world. Starting at a very young age, players are regularly assessed for talent, so that the best can be separated out and prepared for the next level. The system is designed to be a meritocracy.
Gladwell wants to show that circumstances matter just as much for success as work ethic or intelligence. People often ask about the lifestyle, intelligence, or special talents of successful individuals, but not enough people ask when and where a person grew up. Gladwell likens people to trees: we all know that the tallest trees received the most sunlight, had nutrient-rich soil, and were lucky enough to avoid lumberjacks. He suggests that we study the environmental and social influences that make people successful.
In the 1980s, Canadian psychologist Roger Barnsley observed that on elite Canadian hockey teams, whether youth league or NHL, a disproportionate number of players have birthdays in the first three months of the year.
The explanation for the distribution of birthdays is simple: the cutoff date for an individual’s league assignment is January 1. A player born on January 2 will be 12 months older than one born at the end of December. At the age of nine or ten, this often translates into a huge difference in size, coordination, and maturity. By age ten, coaches regularly pick the oldest and largest potential players for the more competitive “rep squads,” where the players will receive better coaching, have more practice time, and play many more games. By thirteen or fourteen, all of the extra experience and coaching will have actually made the players better, and they will be selected for the more competitive league(s). The same thing happens in American youth baseball and European soccer, but with different cutoff dates.
The phenomenon is also observable in education. Economists Kelly Bedard and Elizabeth Dhuey found that on math and science tests, the older children in fourth grade regularly score better than the youngest children. This can affect whether a child qualifies for a gifted program. When Bedard and Dhuey extended their analysis to four-year colleges, they found that the students who belonged to the relatively youngest group were underrepresented by more than 10 percent.
The top-level hockey players were given opportunities they neither deserved nor earned. Sociologist Robert Merton called this the “Matthew Effect,” after the verse in the Gospel of Matthew:
“For unto everyone that hath shall be given, and he shall have abundance. But from that hath not shall be taken away even that which he hath.”
The successful receive more resources: the best students receive the best teaching, the richest citizens get the biggest tax breaks, the largest kids get the best coaching. Sociologists call this “accumulative advantage.” Gladwell points out that cutoff dates exclude nearly half of the potential athletes from a population. Junior hockey teams in the Czech Republic show the same unbalanced distribution of birthdays as in Canada. If Canada or the Czech Republic separated each of their youth leagues into two separate leagues, one for kids born in the first half of the year, and one for kids born in the second half of the year, they would have twice as many athletes available for their national teams. Similarly, schools could separate kindergarten classes into students born in the first, middle, and last four months of the year. The benefits would justify the added administrative work, but, writes Gladwell, the scheme would run afoul of society’s need to believe that individual merit matters more than the rules society has created.
Gord Wasden, the father of one of the Canadian Hockey League boys from the first section, describes his son. Scott Wasden worked hard to get where he is, but he has also generally had the advantage of being big compared to others on his team. He was born on January 4.
Analysis: Introduction: The Roseto Mystery & Chapter 1: The Matthew Effect
Gladwell's thesis argues that that the idea of rugged, individual success is not accurate. Rather, the most successful person doesn’t thrive without some environmental and social influence plus a dose of good fortune. After laying out the concepts of a meritocracy and suggesting that this is the way that hockey players advance in Canada, he immediately undercuts this idea. Gladwell uses the illustration of birthday distribution as an example of an invisible contributor to the success of hockey players. With a registration cutoff date of January 1, players born from January 2 through March 31 are older than teammates born later in the year. These older players are likely bigger, faster, more coordinated, and more mature. Since the older players are seen as more skilled, they get selected for more advanced leagues with more practice, more games, and higher-quality coaching. By the time these older players reach their early teens, the extra advantages gained from being judged better because of their birthday translate into being better players. Similarly, the age cutoff for school registrations often mistakes maturity for ability. As a result, the older children appear smarter, get put into advanced groups, and qualify for gifted programs. The birthdate bias carries through to college.
Advantages result in more advantages. Gladwell reinforces this idea with the “Matthew Effect,” which states that "success leads to more success." More simply: by being a little bit better, a hockey player will get opportunities that may result in the player becoming an outlier. Gladwell implies that the systems that determine success are not efficient. He asks readers to question the way we, as a society, think about success. He suggests that changing the systems in athletics and education would chip away at the myth of individual merit as the chief marker of success and help level the playing field. Gladwell's model for this phenomenon is hockey player Scott Wasden. By demonstrating that Scott had the passion, talent, and work ethic for the game, as well as the good luck to be born on January 4, Gladwell reasons that Wasden, like many others he will be profiling, benefit by being both good and lucky.
',28),n=[r];function i(h,l,d,c,u,m){return a(),t("div",null,n)}const p=e(s,[["render",i]]);export{y as __pageData,p as default};
+import{_ as e,c as t,o as a,R as o}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const y=JSON.parse('{"title":"Introduction & Chapter 1: The Roseto Mystery","description":"Chapter 1 summary clips from Sparknotes of novel Outliers by Malcom Gladwells","frontmatter":{"author":"查尔斯","title":"Introduction & Chapter 1: The Roseto Mystery","description":"Chapter 1 summary clips from Sparknotes of novel Outliers by Malcom Gladwells"},"headers":[],"relativePath":"save/reading/outliers/1.md","filePath":"save/reading/outliers/1.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),s={name:"save/reading/outliers/1.md"},r=o('
In the late 1800s, immigrants from Roseto Valfortore, Italy, came to Pennsylvania to work in the slate quarry near the town of Bangor. The settlers established a new community, named after their old one: Roseto. They built schools, a park, small shops, and more than a dozen factories. They kept to themselves and did not interact much with the predominantly German and English populations of the towns around them.
In the 1950s, a local doctor told Stewart Wolf, a medical researcher, that hardly anyone in Roseto under age sixty-five had heart disease. Wolf was curious. He did blood draws and EKG scans, and he analyzed physicians’ records and death certificates. Wolf was amazed that almost no one under fifty-five showed any signs of heart disease, which at the time was America’s leading cause of death in men under sixty-five. Wolf enlisted the help of John Bruhn, a sociologist. They found that there was no suicide, alcoholism, or drug addiction in Roseto: everyone seemed to be dying of old age. According to Gladwell, Roseto was an outlier.
Wolf was forced to rule out diet and lifestyle as explanations, because the Rosetans had poor eating habits, smoked heavily, and were obese. He ruled out genetics after determining that Rosetans’ relatives in other parts of the country were not in comparably good health. Wolf eventually decided that what made Roseto’s inhabitants so healthy was the town itself—its culture and social structure. Many homes contained three generations living together, and with a population of just two thousand people, there were twenty-two separate civic organizations.
Wolf and Bruhn were met with a great deal of skepticism. They had to work hard to convince the medical establishment that the values of where we live and the people around us have a significant impact on who we are. Gladwell wants Outliers to do for our understanding of success what Wolf did for our understanding of health.
Gladwell describes a game between two teams in the Canadian Hockey League, the most competitive junior hockey league in the world. Starting at a very young age, players are regularly assessed for talent, so that the best can be separated out and prepared for the next level. The system is designed to be a meritocracy.
Gladwell wants to show that circumstances matter just as much for success as work ethic or intelligence. People often ask about the lifestyle, intelligence, or special talents of successful individuals, but not enough people ask when and where a person grew up. Gladwell likens people to trees: we all know that the tallest trees received the most sunlight, had nutrient-rich soil, and were lucky enough to avoid lumberjacks. He suggests that we study the environmental and social influences that make people successful.
In the 1980s, Canadian psychologist Roger Barnsley observed that on elite Canadian hockey teams, whether youth league or NHL, a disproportionate number of players have birthdays in the first three months of the year.
The explanation for the distribution of birthdays is simple: the cutoff date for an individual’s league assignment is January 1. A player born on January 2 will be 12 months older than one born at the end of December. At the age of nine or ten, this often translates into a huge difference in size, coordination, and maturity. By age ten, coaches regularly pick the oldest and largest potential players for the more competitive “rep squads,” where the players will receive better coaching, have more practice time, and play many more games. By thirteen or fourteen, all of the extra experience and coaching will have actually made the players better, and they will be selected for the more competitive league(s). The same thing happens in American youth baseball and European soccer, but with different cutoff dates.
The phenomenon is also observable in education. Economists Kelly Bedard and Elizabeth Dhuey found that on math and science tests, the older children in fourth grade regularly score better than the youngest children. This can affect whether a child qualifies for a gifted program. When Bedard and Dhuey extended their analysis to four-year colleges, they found that the students who belonged to the relatively youngest group were underrepresented by more than 10 percent.
The top-level hockey players were given opportunities they neither deserved nor earned. Sociologist Robert Merton called this the “Matthew Effect,” after the verse in the Gospel of Matthew:
“For unto everyone that hath shall be given, and he shall have abundance. But from that hath not shall be taken away even that which he hath.”
The successful receive more resources: the best students receive the best teaching, the richest citizens get the biggest tax breaks, the largest kids get the best coaching. Sociologists call this “accumulative advantage.” Gladwell points out that cutoff dates exclude nearly half of the potential athletes from a population. Junior hockey teams in the Czech Republic show the same unbalanced distribution of birthdays as in Canada. If Canada or the Czech Republic separated each of their youth leagues into two separate leagues, one for kids born in the first half of the year, and one for kids born in the second half of the year, they would have twice as many athletes available for their national teams. Similarly, schools could separate kindergarten classes into students born in the first, middle, and last four months of the year. The benefits would justify the added administrative work, but, writes Gladwell, the scheme would run afoul of society’s need to believe that individual merit matters more than the rules society has created.
Gord Wasden, the father of one of the Canadian Hockey League boys from the first section, describes his son. Scott Wasden worked hard to get where he is, but he has also generally had the advantage of being big compared to others on his team. He was born on January 4.
Analysis: Introduction: The Roseto Mystery & Chapter 1: The Matthew Effect
Gladwell's thesis argues that that the idea of rugged, individual success is not accurate. Rather, the most successful person doesn’t thrive without some environmental and social influence plus a dose of good fortune. After laying out the concepts of a meritocracy and suggesting that this is the way that hockey players advance in Canada, he immediately undercuts this idea. Gladwell uses the illustration of birthday distribution as an example of an invisible contributor to the success of hockey players. With a registration cutoff date of January 1, players born from January 2 through March 31 are older than teammates born later in the year. These older players are likely bigger, faster, more coordinated, and more mature. Since the older players are seen as more skilled, they get selected for more advanced leagues with more practice, more games, and higher-quality coaching. By the time these older players reach their early teens, the extra advantages gained from being judged better because of their birthday translate into being better players. Similarly, the age cutoff for school registrations often mistakes maturity for ability. As a result, the older children appear smarter, get put into advanced groups, and qualify for gifted programs. The birthdate bias carries through to college.
Advantages result in more advantages. Gladwell reinforces this idea with the “Matthew Effect,” which states that "success leads to more success." More simply: by being a little bit better, a hockey player will get opportunities that may result in the player becoming an outlier. Gladwell implies that the systems that determine success are not efficient. He asks readers to question the way we, as a society, think about success. He suggests that changing the systems in athletics and education would chip away at the myth of individual merit as the chief marker of success and help level the playing field. Gladwell's model for this phenomenon is hockey player Scott Wasden. By demonstrating that Scott had the passion, talent, and work ethic for the game, as well as the good luck to be born on January 4, Gladwell reasons that Wasden, like many others he will be profiling, benefit by being both good and lucky.
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Bill Joy, a co-founder of Sun Microsystems, is one of the most influential computer programmers of all time. Joy attended the University of Michigan, thinking to become a biologist or mathematician, but he became obsessed with the Computer Center that opened during his freshman year. In 1975, he enrolled in graduate school at UC Berkeley. At both schools, Bill Joy spent much of his free time programming. After graduating from Berkeley, he founded Sun Microsystems, eventually rewriting the Java programming language. He would appear to be a good example of success based on individual merit.
If achievement is the combination of talent and preparation, how much does innate talent affect one’s success? In the 1990s, a study at Berlin’s elite Academy of Music determined that, regardless of instrument, all of the world-class students had practiced more than 10,000 hours. They did not find anyone at the top level who spent less time, nor did they find anyone who spent that amount of time who was not successful. Neurologist Daniel Levitin states that, across many fields, world-class expertise is never accomplished in less than 10,000 hours. The law holds even for a prodigy like Mozart, who started composing at age six: he did not compose his first masterwork until he was twenty-one. The youth athletes from the previous chapter who made it to the professional level put in 10,000 hours of practice. And note: individuals cannot normally put in that much practice without help. Most people will need supportive parents, financial stability, and probably a special program—like an all-star youth hockey team.
Bill Joy was certainly intelligent, having achieved a perfect score on the math portion of his Scholastic Aptitude Test. His opportunities, however, were extraordinary. Bill Joy happened to choose a college that had a time-sharing computer available, something that was exceedingly rare during the early 1970s. While most students had to pay for computer time, Bill Joy exploited a bug in the college’s system to gain unlimited access to the Computer Center, which was walking distance from where he lived. He was able to spend almost all of his free time programming, and when he went to Berkeley, he had a terminal at home, where he could program until he fell asleep at his keyboard. Bill Joy was able to accumulate 10,000 hours while in college.
The Beatles are another example of the 10,000-hours principle. In 1960, when they were still a high school rock band, they were given the chance to travel to Hamburg, Germany and play in various strip clubs. The Beatles were contracted to play for hours every night, seven nights a week, and thereby were forced to develop as musicians. After a year and a half, they had performed 270 nights. By 1964, when they first found commercial success, they had performed an estimated twelve hundred times—more than most band bands do in an entire career.
Born in Seattle to affluent parents, Bill Gates was sent to a private school for seventh grade. The school’s Mother’s Club funded the purchase of a time-sharing terminal connected to a mainframe computer in Seattle. As an eighth-grader, Gates was able to start programming. When the Mother’s Club could no longer pay for computing time, Gates was able to continue programming at Information Sciences, Inc. (ISI) through a connection he made with one of the school parents. After that, one of ISI’s founders recommended Gates for a programming project at the Bonneville Power station. Gates was able to leave high school during his senior year to program for the Bonneville Power station as an independent study project. By the time Bill Gates dropped out of Harvard, he was well past 10,000 hours of experience.
In a list of the seventy-five richest people in human history, going as far back as ancient Egypt and converting all wealth estimates into modern U.S. dollars, fourteen names are Americans born within nine years of one another (including John D. Rockefeller and J.P. Morgan). What accounts for the fact that a list that covers thousands of years should have 20 percent of its members so close together? The fourteen Americans happened to live during the 1860s and 1870s, when the American economy was undergoing a huge transformation: the expansion of the railroads and the creation of Wall Street. Gladwell argues that the fourteen names are so close in birth date because they were all the perfect age to seize the opportunities available.
Bill Joy and Bill Gates were also born at just the right time. In 1975, Popular Electronics ran a cover story about the Altair 8800, a $397 microcomputer kit. Someone born before 1954 would likely already have a job with IBM, working on mainframes. Someone born after 1956 would likely still be in high school. Most of the biggest pioneers in the modern computer industry, including Bill Gates, Bill Joy, Steve Jobs, and Eric Schmidt, were born in 1954 or 1955, as were Joy’s three fellow founders at Sun.
Gladwell introduces his controversial and widely disputed 10,000 hours rule. Simply put, the rule suggests that to master a skill, an individual needs to practice it for 10,000 hours. Gladwell argues that, like hockey, success in computing requires both skill and luck, rather than pure, simple, natural ability. Gladwell's example is situated at the University of Michigan, specifically the new computer center, in 1971. The story of Bill Joy undermines the idea of success as an inexplicable, miraculous accomplishment. Though Gladwell agrees Joy is bright and talented, Joy also lucks into several happy accidents that allow for increased access. These strokes of luck give Joy the opportunity to become a computer expert. Gladwell's use of a psychological study conducted at the Academy of Music in Berlin, Germany, in the early 1990s forms the crux of his argument in this chapter. However, critics have suggested that this study was flawed and that there is no incontrovertible evidence to suggest that doing anything for 10,000 hours guarantees mastery. Rather, practice is, as Gladwell points out elsewhere throughout the text, just one of the factors in success. However, he also correlates the familial and economic advantages necessary to reach 10,000 of practice time, reinforcing the larger thesis of the book.
Gladwell argues that the Beatles and Bill Gates are examples of his notion of time spent directly relating to mastery. While detailing how the Beatles reached the 10,000-hour threshold for mastery, Gladwell also highlights the lucky breaks they had in achieving success, like the connection that landed the band in Hamburg’s music scene. Additionally, while Gates has become something of an American folk hero, Gladwell argues that Gates did not reach his great achievements completely on his own. His wealthy family, his lucky interaction with a computer in 1968, and his college experience allowed him far greater access to opportunity. Without this combination of factors, along with his intelligence and drive, Gates would likely not have become a household name. Again, Gladwell reinforces the idea that success comes not only from being good, but from having no small amount of luck, whether that be time, money, or, in an echo of the hockey player example, birthdate.
Gladwell claims that one important factor of success is the year in which one is born. In terms of wealth, there are 14 Americans, born in a nine-year period of the 1800s, who are among the richest people in history. This suggests that there was some connection to when they were born and the opportunities available to them in terms of innovation and invention, as well as the position they were in to take advantage of the opportunities. Similarly, men born in the same era of Bill Gates were coming of age at the bleeding edge of technology. Proximity to social and technological change, as well as the wealth and connections to take advantage of it, put these men in an advantageous position. Being in the right place at the right time, Gladwell argues, has at least as much to do with success as one's inborn abilities.
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Bill Joy, a co-founder of Sun Microsystems, is one of the most influential computer programmers of all time. Joy attended the University of Michigan, thinking to become a biologist or mathematician, but he became obsessed with the Computer Center that opened during his freshman year. In 1975, he enrolled in graduate school at UC Berkeley. At both schools, Bill Joy spent much of his free time programming. After graduating from Berkeley, he founded Sun Microsystems, eventually rewriting the Java programming language. He would appear to be a good example of success based on individual merit.
If achievement is the combination of talent and preparation, how much does innate talent affect one’s success? In the 1990s, a study at Berlin’s elite Academy of Music determined that, regardless of instrument, all of the world-class students had practiced more than 10,000 hours. They did not find anyone at the top level who spent less time, nor did they find anyone who spent that amount of time who was not successful. Neurologist Daniel Levitin states that, across many fields, world-class expertise is never accomplished in less than 10,000 hours. The law holds even for a prodigy like Mozart, who started composing at age six: he did not compose his first masterwork until he was twenty-one. The youth athletes from the previous chapter who made it to the professional level put in 10,000 hours of practice. And note: individuals cannot normally put in that much practice without help. Most people will need supportive parents, financial stability, and probably a special program—like an all-star youth hockey team.
Bill Joy was certainly intelligent, having achieved a perfect score on the math portion of his Scholastic Aptitude Test. His opportunities, however, were extraordinary. Bill Joy happened to choose a college that had a time-sharing computer available, something that was exceedingly rare during the early 1970s. While most students had to pay for computer time, Bill Joy exploited a bug in the college’s system to gain unlimited access to the Computer Center, which was walking distance from where he lived. He was able to spend almost all of his free time programming, and when he went to Berkeley, he had a terminal at home, where he could program until he fell asleep at his keyboard. Bill Joy was able to accumulate 10,000 hours while in college.
The Beatles are another example of the 10,000-hours principle. In 1960, when they were still a high school rock band, they were given the chance to travel to Hamburg, Germany and play in various strip clubs. The Beatles were contracted to play for hours every night, seven nights a week, and thereby were forced to develop as musicians. After a year and a half, they had performed 270 nights. By 1964, when they first found commercial success, they had performed an estimated twelve hundred times—more than most band bands do in an entire career.
Born in Seattle to affluent parents, Bill Gates was sent to a private school for seventh grade. The school’s Mother’s Club funded the purchase of a time-sharing terminal connected to a mainframe computer in Seattle. As an eighth-grader, Gates was able to start programming. When the Mother’s Club could no longer pay for computing time, Gates was able to continue programming at Information Sciences, Inc. (ISI) through a connection he made with one of the school parents. After that, one of ISI’s founders recommended Gates for a programming project at the Bonneville Power station. Gates was able to leave high school during his senior year to program for the Bonneville Power station as an independent study project. By the time Bill Gates dropped out of Harvard, he was well past 10,000 hours of experience.
In a list of the seventy-five richest people in human history, going as far back as ancient Egypt and converting all wealth estimates into modern U.S. dollars, fourteen names are Americans born within nine years of one another (including John D. Rockefeller and J.P. Morgan). What accounts for the fact that a list that covers thousands of years should have 20 percent of its members so close together? The fourteen Americans happened to live during the 1860s and 1870s, when the American economy was undergoing a huge transformation: the expansion of the railroads and the creation of Wall Street. Gladwell argues that the fourteen names are so close in birth date because they were all the perfect age to seize the opportunities available.
Bill Joy and Bill Gates were also born at just the right time. In 1975, Popular Electronics ran a cover story about the Altair 8800, a $397 microcomputer kit. Someone born before 1954 would likely already have a job with IBM, working on mainframes. Someone born after 1956 would likely still be in high school. Most of the biggest pioneers in the modern computer industry, including Bill Gates, Bill Joy, Steve Jobs, and Eric Schmidt, were born in 1954 or 1955, as were Joy’s three fellow founders at Sun.
Gladwell introduces his controversial and widely disputed 10,000 hours rule. Simply put, the rule suggests that to master a skill, an individual needs to practice it for 10,000 hours. Gladwell argues that, like hockey, success in computing requires both skill and luck, rather than pure, simple, natural ability. Gladwell's example is situated at the University of Michigan, specifically the new computer center, in 1971. The story of Bill Joy undermines the idea of success as an inexplicable, miraculous accomplishment. Though Gladwell agrees Joy is bright and talented, Joy also lucks into several happy accidents that allow for increased access. These strokes of luck give Joy the opportunity to become a computer expert. Gladwell's use of a psychological study conducted at the Academy of Music in Berlin, Germany, in the early 1990s forms the crux of his argument in this chapter. However, critics have suggested that this study was flawed and that there is no incontrovertible evidence to suggest that doing anything for 10,000 hours guarantees mastery. Rather, practice is, as Gladwell points out elsewhere throughout the text, just one of the factors in success. However, he also correlates the familial and economic advantages necessary to reach 10,000 of practice time, reinforcing the larger thesis of the book.
Gladwell argues that the Beatles and Bill Gates are examples of his notion of time spent directly relating to mastery. While detailing how the Beatles reached the 10,000-hour threshold for mastery, Gladwell also highlights the lucky breaks they had in achieving success, like the connection that landed the band in Hamburg’s music scene. Additionally, while Gates has become something of an American folk hero, Gladwell argues that Gates did not reach his great achievements completely on his own. His wealthy family, his lucky interaction with a computer in 1968, and his college experience allowed him far greater access to opportunity. Without this combination of factors, along with his intelligence and drive, Gates would likely not have become a household name. Again, Gladwell reinforces the idea that success comes not only from being good, but from having no small amount of luck, whether that be time, money, or, in an echo of the hockey player example, birthdate.
Gladwell claims that one important factor of success is the year in which one is born. In terms of wealth, there are 14 Americans, born in a nine-year period of the 1800s, who are among the richest people in history. This suggests that there was some connection to when they were born and the opportunities available to them in terms of innovation and invention, as well as the position they were in to take advantage of the opportunities. Similarly, men born in the same era of Bill Gates were coming of age at the bleeding edge of technology. Proximity to social and technological change, as well as the wealth and connections to take advantage of it, put these men in an advantageous position. Being in the right place at the right time, Gladwell argues, has at least as much to do with success as one's inborn abilities.
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Chris Langan appeared on the television trivia show 1 vs. 100 after being the subject of interviews and at least one documentary, due to his extremely high IQ. He had little difficulty in high school, got a perfect score on his SAT, and read through Principia Mathematica as a teenager. On 1 vs. 100, Langan cashed out with winnings of $250,000.
Shortly after World War I, Lewis Terman, creator of the widely used Stanford-Binet IQ test, became fascinated with child prodigies. In 1921, he identified exceptionally gifted 1,470 students who came to be known as the “Termites.” Terman kept track of them over the years, carefully cataloging their educational achievement, marriages, psychological health, and employment. Terman was sure that the Termites would be the future elite of the United States. The same confidence underlies the use of IQ-like tests, such as the SAT, to assess applicants at Ivy League schools and corporations such as Microsoft and Google. Gladwell states that Terman was wrong about the Termites, and if he had met Chris Langan as a teenager, he would have been wrong about him, too.
Gladwell gives two examples—one easy and one much harder—of questions that use visual puzzles to test IQ, without requiring any language abilities or specific factual knowledge. The average human will score 100. Those scoring below 70 are considered mentally disabled, and those who are successful in graduate programs likely have an IQ of 115 or higher. According to Gladwell, however, above 120 IQ makes little or no difference to success. A similar point applies to basketball: height is certainly an advantage, but there is, at best, modest value in being six foot seven instead of six foot six. A basketball player just needs to be tall enough.
A list of the last twenty-five Americans to win a Nobel Prize in Medicine includes graduates of prestigious schools, such as Columbia, Harvard, and MIT, but also graduates of DePauw, Holy Cross, and Gettysburg College. Similarly, there have been American Nobel laureates in Chemistry from Harvard and MIT, but also from Notre Dame and the University of Illinois. Harvard might have more intelligent students, but many other colleges have students smart enough to win a Nobel.
At the University of Michigan law school, around 10 percent of students are racial minorities. Without affirmative action, there would be less than 3 percent. Looking at career performance after graduation, Michigan found no difference between white and minority graduates. Minority students come into law school with weaker academic credentials than their white counterparts, but they are above the threshold required to be just as successful.
Not all questions that test for intelligence have a single correct answer. A different sort of question might ask for a list of different uses for a brick, or a blanket. A question like this measures imagination and creativity. At a top British high school, one student lists more than ten uses, many of which are comical. Another student, a prodigy with one of the school’s highest IQs, lists just a few uses, all of which are practical. Compared to an IQ test, asking about different uses for a brick might be a better way to identify future Nobel Prize winners.
Terman’s error was using intelligence alone to choose his Termites. While some of the Termites had successful careers, an unexpectedly high went on to careers that even Terman didn’t consider to be successful. The two students tested by Terman’s team who actually did go on to win Nobels were not selected as Termites: their IQs were too low. Terman eventually concluded that “intellect and achievement are far from perfectly correlated.”
Gladwell states that to understand Chris Langan’s prospects of becoming a “true outlier,” one must learn more about him.
Analysis: Chapter Three: The Trouble with Geniuses, Part 1
Intelligence, Gladwell argues, does not equal success. He dedicates this chapter to the examination of geniuses. Comparing the young subjects of Lewis Terman to Chris Langan, Gladwell argues against Terman’s idea that genius is a key to societal advancement. Gladwell lists Langan’s early accomplishments as a shining example of Terman's idea, then swiftly undercuts expectations. Gladwell argues again that individuals do not succeed or fail solely on their own, but rather due to a constellation of factors, many of which are uncontrollable. Langan's early achievements would suggest great things and a continued path toward accomplishment, but Gladwell includes the anecdote of his game show appearance to undermine the notion that genius equals success. Using two questions from an IQ test, Gladwell introduces the idea of an IQ threshold to examine the the larger notion of intelligence and its limitations. Arguing that the measure of someone’s intelligence is only helpful up to a point, Gladwell uses examples of schools that Nobel laureates attended for undergraduate studies. Some, he points out, are elite institutions; others are not. Additionally, he points to success among graduates of the law school at the University of Michigan. There was no quantifiable difference in success post-graduation between white and POC students, some of whom were admitted under affirmative action with slightly lower undergraduate grades and standardized test scores. Reasonably, then, the level of intelligence beyond a certain point is moot. All of the students were intelligent enough to graduate, and beyond that, he argues, their intelligence predicted nothing.
Elements other than intelligence must contribute to success. Gladwell expands on his notion of an intelligence threshold and examines these other factors through an example of a question on a divergence test. Using examples of two students at an elite British school, Gladwell shows that the divergence test has no right answers, but instead looks for answers that demonstrate uniqueness and creativity. Intelligence matters, but so does imagination, creativity, and outside-the-box thinking. Gladwell circles back to Terman, reinforcing that the error when choosing his Termites was a focus on intelligence alone. He once again turns his attention to Chris Langan, foreshadowing that Langan’s story did not follow a direct line to achievement. Intelligence alone does not offer a certain path to success.
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Chris Langan appeared on the television trivia show 1 vs. 100 after being the subject of interviews and at least one documentary, due to his extremely high IQ. He had little difficulty in high school, got a perfect score on his SAT, and read through Principia Mathematica as a teenager. On 1 vs. 100, Langan cashed out with winnings of $250,000.
Shortly after World War I, Lewis Terman, creator of the widely used Stanford-Binet IQ test, became fascinated with child prodigies. In 1921, he identified exceptionally gifted 1,470 students who came to be known as the “Termites.” Terman kept track of them over the years, carefully cataloging their educational achievement, marriages, psychological health, and employment. Terman was sure that the Termites would be the future elite of the United States. The same confidence underlies the use of IQ-like tests, such as the SAT, to assess applicants at Ivy League schools and corporations such as Microsoft and Google. Gladwell states that Terman was wrong about the Termites, and if he had met Chris Langan as a teenager, he would have been wrong about him, too.
Gladwell gives two examples—one easy and one much harder—of questions that use visual puzzles to test IQ, without requiring any language abilities or specific factual knowledge. The average human will score 100. Those scoring below 70 are considered mentally disabled, and those who are successful in graduate programs likely have an IQ of 115 or higher. According to Gladwell, however, above 120 IQ makes little or no difference to success. A similar point applies to basketball: height is certainly an advantage, but there is, at best, modest value in being six foot seven instead of six foot six. A basketball player just needs to be tall enough.
A list of the last twenty-five Americans to win a Nobel Prize in Medicine includes graduates of prestigious schools, such as Columbia, Harvard, and MIT, but also graduates of DePauw, Holy Cross, and Gettysburg College. Similarly, there have been American Nobel laureates in Chemistry from Harvard and MIT, but also from Notre Dame and the University of Illinois. Harvard might have more intelligent students, but many other colleges have students smart enough to win a Nobel.
At the University of Michigan law school, around 10 percent of students are racial minorities. Without affirmative action, there would be less than 3 percent. Looking at career performance after graduation, Michigan found no difference between white and minority graduates. Minority students come into law school with weaker academic credentials than their white counterparts, but they are above the threshold required to be just as successful.
Not all questions that test for intelligence have a single correct answer. A different sort of question might ask for a list of different uses for a brick, or a blanket. A question like this measures imagination and creativity. At a top British high school, one student lists more than ten uses, many of which are comical. Another student, a prodigy with one of the school’s highest IQs, lists just a few uses, all of which are practical. Compared to an IQ test, asking about different uses for a brick might be a better way to identify future Nobel Prize winners.
Terman’s error was using intelligence alone to choose his Termites. While some of the Termites had successful careers, an unexpectedly high went on to careers that even Terman didn’t consider to be successful. The two students tested by Terman’s team who actually did go on to win Nobels were not selected as Termites: their IQs were too low. Terman eventually concluded that “intellect and achievement are far from perfectly correlated.”
Gladwell states that to understand Chris Langan’s prospects of becoming a “true outlier,” one must learn more about him.
Analysis: Chapter Three: The Trouble with Geniuses, Part 1
Intelligence, Gladwell argues, does not equal success. He dedicates this chapter to the examination of geniuses. Comparing the young subjects of Lewis Terman to Chris Langan, Gladwell argues against Terman’s idea that genius is a key to societal advancement. Gladwell lists Langan’s early accomplishments as a shining example of Terman's idea, then swiftly undercuts expectations. Gladwell argues again that individuals do not succeed or fail solely on their own, but rather due to a constellation of factors, many of which are uncontrollable. Langan's early achievements would suggest great things and a continued path toward accomplishment, but Gladwell includes the anecdote of his game show appearance to undermine the notion that genius equals success. Using two questions from an IQ test, Gladwell introduces the idea of an IQ threshold to examine the the larger notion of intelligence and its limitations. Arguing that the measure of someone’s intelligence is only helpful up to a point, Gladwell uses examples of schools that Nobel laureates attended for undergraduate studies. Some, he points out, are elite institutions; others are not. Additionally, he points to success among graduates of the law school at the University of Michigan. There was no quantifiable difference in success post-graduation between white and POC students, some of whom were admitted under affirmative action with slightly lower undergraduate grades and standardized test scores. Reasonably, then, the level of intelligence beyond a certain point is moot. All of the students were intelligent enough to graduate, and beyond that, he argues, their intelligence predicted nothing.
Elements other than intelligence must contribute to success. Gladwell expands on his notion of an intelligence threshold and examines these other factors through an example of a question on a divergence test. Using examples of two students at an elite British school, Gladwell shows that the divergence test has no right answers, but instead looks for answers that demonstrate uniqueness and creativity. Intelligence matters, but so does imagination, creativity, and outside-the-box thinking. Gladwell circles back to Terman, reinforcing that the error when choosing his Termites was a focus on intelligence alone. He once again turns his attention to Chris Langan, foreshadowing that Langan’s story did not follow a direct line to achievement. Intelligence alone does not offer a certain path to success.
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diff --git a/assets/save_reading_outliers_3.md.37ec25b8.lean.js b/assets/save_reading_outliers_3.md.391fd4a4.lean.js
similarity index 90%
rename from assets/save_reading_outliers_3.md.37ec25b8.lean.js
rename to assets/save_reading_outliers_3.md.391fd4a4.lean.js
index dc5f4262..e17d7ede 100644
--- a/assets/save_reading_outliers_3.md.37ec25b8.lean.js
+++ b/assets/save_reading_outliers_3.md.391fd4a4.lean.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as e,c as t,o as a,R as s}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const f=JSON.parse('{"title":"Chapter 3: The Trouble with Geniuses, Part 1","description":"Chapter 3 summary of novel Outliers from Sparknotes","frontmatter":{"title":"Chapter 3: The Trouble with Geniuses, Part 1","description":"Chapter 3 summary of novel Outliers from Sparknotes"},"headers":[],"relativePath":"save/reading/outliers/3.md","filePath":"save/reading/outliers/3.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),i={name:"save/reading/outliers/3.md"},o=s("",19),n=[o];function r(l,h,c,u,d,m){return a(),t("div",null,n)}const p=e(i,[["render",r]]);export{f as __pageData,p as default};
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diff --git a/assets/save_reading_outliers_4.md.28de7efa.js b/assets/save_reading_outliers_4.md.534a7cbd.js
similarity index 99%
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index a2e1d6c8..da717c7d 100644
--- a/assets/save_reading_outliers_4.md.28de7efa.js
+++ b/assets/save_reading_outliers_4.md.534a7cbd.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as e,c as t,o as a,R as o}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const f=JSON.parse('{"title":"Chapter 4: The Trouble with Geniuses, Part 2","description":"Chapter 4 summary of novel Outliers from Sparknotes","frontmatter":{"title":"Chapter 4: The Trouble with Geniuses, Part 2","description":"Chapter 4 summary of novel Outliers from Sparknotes"},"headers":[],"relativePath":"save/reading/outliers/4.md","filePath":"save/reading/outliers/4.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),n={name:"save/reading/outliers/4.md"},i=o('
Chris Langan’s mother had four children, all from different fathers. Her first husband died in Mexico, the second was murdered, the third committed suicide, and the fourth was an abusive alcoholic. Langan says he has never met someone who grew up as impoverished as he and his brothers did. Attending Reed College, in Oregon, on a scholarship, he felt as though he did not belong with the rest of the students. When his mother neglected to fill out the financial aid forms, he lost his scholarship and dropped out. According to Langan, the school just did not care about their students. Later, Langan attended Montana State University in Bozeman but he dropped out when a dean refused Langan’s request to adjust his class schedule because of car trouble. He still has intellectual interests and has been working on a treatise called the “Cognitive Theoretic Model of the Universe.” When asked if, hypothetically, he would take a position at Harvard, he acknowledges the benefit of an environment with so much intellectual energy, but he worries about a lack of intellectual freedom.
Gladwell points out the oddity of Langan’s experiences. Most colleges, especially small ones, try to accommodate student needs. Smart people take positions at places like Harvard instead of in the private sector precisely for the added intellectual freedom. Gladwell contrasts Langan’s story with Robert Oppenheimer’s. While at Cambridge, Oppenheimer became frustrated with his tutor and tried to poison him. After negotiations with the school administration, Oppenheimer was put on probation and assigned to a psychiatrist. Whereas Langan dropped out after his mother failed to fill out paperwork, Oppenheimer managed to stay in college after trying to kill someone. Later, Oppenheimer convinced General Leslie Groves to make Oppenheimer the scientific director of the Manhattan Project. Oppenheimer had the ability to persuade people, where Langan did not.
Psychologist Robert Sternberg calls the ability to persuade someone “practical intelligence.” It involves knowing what to say, how to say it, and when. It requires an ability to read situations. Individuals can have either practical or analytical intelligence, or in the case of Oppenheimer, both. To understand where one obtains practical intelligence, Gladwell refers to a study conducted by Annette Lareau.
Lareau observed parenting strategies in both Black and white families from different socioeconomic strata. She found two distinct strategies: “concerted cultivation” and “accomplishment of natural growth.” Concerted cultivation, most common in middle-class and wealthier families, is defined by parents’ active promotion of their children’s talents and interests. Accomplishment of natural growth, most common in working-class or impoverished families, is defined by parents’ lack of interest or interaction in their children’s free time. Concerted cultivation, writes Gladwell, encourages children to seek opportunities for growth and to advocate for themselves. Accomplishment of natural growth leaves children unprepared to shape their environment for their own benefit. Concerted cultivation fosters an attitude better suited for success in the modern world.
Oppenheimer was raised by affluent parents who sent him to a progressive private school and took an active interest in his hobbies.
Affluent: Having an abundant supply of money or possessions of value.
By contrast, Chris Langan’s brother Mark states that as children, they learned to resent authority. Mark, too, was unable to obtain financial aid, because he had no knowledge of how the system worked. If Chris Langan had been raised in a family that valued education, he probably would have had more success.
Once the Termites reached working adulthood, Terman grouped 730 of the males into three categories, based on their levels of success. The top 20 percent were upper-class professionals, while the bottom 20 percent had low-paying jobs or were unemployed. After analyzing the differences between the groups, Terman found that the bottom 20 percent came almost entirely from the lowest social and economic classes. What they lacked was “a community around them that prepared them properly for the world.”
Chris Langan lives on a horse farm in Missouri, where he still writes. He is happily married and continues to read physics and philosophy. While he has spent decades on his writing, almost none of it has ever been published. Langan admits he has not tried to contact publishers or found an agent—and does not plan to. Chris Langan did not have the support necessary to meet success. Gladwell points that no one ever makes it alone, regardless of if they are successful musicians, athletes, tech billionaires, or geniuses.
Analysis: Chapter Four: The Trouble with Geniuses, Part 2
Family background plays a crucial role in an individual’s success. While a genius like Chris Langan should thrive on a college campus, he drops out. Langan doesn’t struggle with academics, but with paperwork, procedures, and environment. Gladwell’s characterization of Langan almost makes him seem like two separate characters: a confident, genius game show contestant versus a child from a poor and troubled family. Langan may be a true outlier in the sense that he doesn’t seem to fit in academia or the working-class world. Langan’s story is ironic. His brilliant mind should propel him to success. However, his story also perfectly proves Gladwell’s point that brainpower alone does not lead to success. The author delves deeper into the irony of Langan’s situation by comparing him to Robert Oppenheimer, who worked on the nuclear bomb during World War II. Like Langan, Oppenheimer possesses great intelligence. Unlike Langan, Oppenheimer has an understanding that allows him to navigate the world effectively. Oppenheimer knows how to combat challenges, where Langan gets bested by a financial aid problem and class schedule.Oppenheimer’s family background gave him the confidence to deal with authority while Langan’s upbringing created a distrust of authority. Without a family background that encourages success, intelligence is not enough.
Contrast & Comparison
Oppenheimer’s family background gave him the confidence to deal with authority while Langan’s upbringing created a distrust of authority.
The power of persuasion is an important factor that drives success. Gladwell notes that the power of persuasion is practical intelligence. He contrasts practical intelligence with analytical ability, noting that just because a person is smart does not mean they have practical intelligence. These two types of knowledge are not necessarily coeval. He reinforces this point with a return to the comparison of Langan and Oppenheimer. Both men are exceedingly intelligent, but Langan lacks the social savvy of practical intelligence. Gladwell suggests that individuals gain practical intelligence skills from their families, discussing a study by sociologist Annette Lareau to prove his point. Children from wealthier families learn how to interact with society in a way that drives achievement. Successful people have the power of persuasion and can convince others to see things from their point of view.
Success, then, depends on more than individual effort. Gladwell builds this argument by detailing the differences between Oppenheimer’s upbringing and Langan’s. Oppenheimer lived in an upper-class neighborhood with myriad advantages. He learned how to negotiate and stand up for himself. Langan’s family moved from place to place, struggling for jobs, money, food, and clothes, and Langan learned that he couldn’t rely on others. Gladwell's consideration of the Termites' success or struggles as adults supports his assertion that success is more than an individual effort; Gladwell states, “In the end, only one thing mattered: family background.” Terman’s findings and Gladwell’s conclusion do not mean that talented individuals from lower social and economic classes cannot have successful futures. To succeed, everyone needs help along the way, if not from family, then from a supportive community. Individuals do not achieve success solely on their own.
',23),s=[i];function r(l,h,c,d,u,p){return a(),t("div",null,s)}const g=e(n,[["render",r]]);export{f as __pageData,g as default};
+import{_ as e,c as t,o as a,R as o}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const f=JSON.parse('{"title":"Chapter 4: The Trouble with Geniuses, Part 2","description":"Chapter 4 summary of novel Outliers from Sparknotes","frontmatter":{"title":"Chapter 4: The Trouble with Geniuses, Part 2","description":"Chapter 4 summary of novel Outliers from Sparknotes"},"headers":[],"relativePath":"save/reading/outliers/4.md","filePath":"save/reading/outliers/4.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),n={name:"save/reading/outliers/4.md"},i=o('
Chris Langan’s mother had four children, all from different fathers. Her first husband died in Mexico, the second was murdered, the third committed suicide, and the fourth was an abusive alcoholic. Langan says he has never met someone who grew up as impoverished as he and his brothers did. Attending Reed College, in Oregon, on a scholarship, he felt as though he did not belong with the rest of the students. When his mother neglected to fill out the financial aid forms, he lost his scholarship and dropped out. According to Langan, the school just did not care about their students. Later, Langan attended Montana State University in Bozeman but he dropped out when a dean refused Langan’s request to adjust his class schedule because of car trouble. He still has intellectual interests and has been working on a treatise called the “Cognitive Theoretic Model of the Universe.” When asked if, hypothetically, he would take a position at Harvard, he acknowledges the benefit of an environment with so much intellectual energy, but he worries about a lack of intellectual freedom.
Gladwell points out the oddity of Langan’s experiences. Most colleges, especially small ones, try to accommodate student needs. Smart people take positions at places like Harvard instead of in the private sector precisely for the added intellectual freedom. Gladwell contrasts Langan’s story with Robert Oppenheimer’s. While at Cambridge, Oppenheimer became frustrated with his tutor and tried to poison him. After negotiations with the school administration, Oppenheimer was put on probation and assigned to a psychiatrist. Whereas Langan dropped out after his mother failed to fill out paperwork, Oppenheimer managed to stay in college after trying to kill someone. Later, Oppenheimer convinced General Leslie Groves to make Oppenheimer the scientific director of the Manhattan Project. Oppenheimer had the ability to persuade people, where Langan did not.
Psychologist Robert Sternberg calls the ability to persuade someone “practical intelligence.” It involves knowing what to say, how to say it, and when. It requires an ability to read situations. Individuals can have either practical or analytical intelligence, or in the case of Oppenheimer, both. To understand where one obtains practical intelligence, Gladwell refers to a study conducted by Annette Lareau.
Lareau observed parenting strategies in both Black and white families from different socioeconomic strata. She found two distinct strategies: “concerted cultivation” and “accomplishment of natural growth.” Concerted cultivation, most common in middle-class and wealthier families, is defined by parents’ active promotion of their children’s talents and interests. Accomplishment of natural growth, most common in working-class or impoverished families, is defined by parents’ lack of interest or interaction in their children’s free time. Concerted cultivation, writes Gladwell, encourages children to seek opportunities for growth and to advocate for themselves. Accomplishment of natural growth leaves children unprepared to shape their environment for their own benefit. Concerted cultivation fosters an attitude better suited for success in the modern world.
Oppenheimer was raised by affluent parents who sent him to a progressive private school and took an active interest in his hobbies.
Affluent: Having an abundant supply of money or possessions of value.
By contrast, Chris Langan’s brother Mark states that as children, they learned to resent authority. Mark, too, was unable to obtain financial aid, because he had no knowledge of how the system worked. If Chris Langan had been raised in a family that valued education, he probably would have had more success.
Once the Termites reached working adulthood, Terman grouped 730 of the males into three categories, based on their levels of success. The top 20 percent were upper-class professionals, while the bottom 20 percent had low-paying jobs or were unemployed. After analyzing the differences between the groups, Terman found that the bottom 20 percent came almost entirely from the lowest social and economic classes. What they lacked was “a community around them that prepared them properly for the world.”
Chris Langan lives on a horse farm in Missouri, where he still writes. He is happily married and continues to read physics and philosophy. While he has spent decades on his writing, almost none of it has ever been published. Langan admits he has not tried to contact publishers or found an agent—and does not plan to. Chris Langan did not have the support necessary to meet success. Gladwell points that no one ever makes it alone, regardless of if they are successful musicians, athletes, tech billionaires, or geniuses.
Analysis: Chapter Four: The Trouble with Geniuses, Part 2
Family background plays a crucial role in an individual’s success. While a genius like Chris Langan should thrive on a college campus, he drops out. Langan doesn’t struggle with academics, but with paperwork, procedures, and environment. Gladwell’s characterization of Langan almost makes him seem like two separate characters: a confident, genius game show contestant versus a child from a poor and troubled family. Langan may be a true outlier in the sense that he doesn’t seem to fit in academia or the working-class world. Langan’s story is ironic. His brilliant mind should propel him to success. However, his story also perfectly proves Gladwell’s point that brainpower alone does not lead to success. The author delves deeper into the irony of Langan’s situation by comparing him to Robert Oppenheimer, who worked on the nuclear bomb during World War II. Like Langan, Oppenheimer possesses great intelligence. Unlike Langan, Oppenheimer has an understanding that allows him to navigate the world effectively. Oppenheimer knows how to combat challenges, where Langan gets bested by a financial aid problem and class schedule.Oppenheimer’s family background gave him the confidence to deal with authority while Langan’s upbringing created a distrust of authority. Without a family background that encourages success, intelligence is not enough.
Contrast & Comparison
Oppenheimer’s family background gave him the confidence to deal with authority while Langan’s upbringing created a distrust of authority.
The power of persuasion is an important factor that drives success. Gladwell notes that the power of persuasion is practical intelligence. He contrasts practical intelligence with analytical ability, noting that just because a person is smart does not mean they have practical intelligence. These two types of knowledge are not necessarily coeval. He reinforces this point with a return to the comparison of Langan and Oppenheimer. Both men are exceedingly intelligent, but Langan lacks the social savvy of practical intelligence. Gladwell suggests that individuals gain practical intelligence skills from their families, discussing a study by sociologist Annette Lareau to prove his point. Children from wealthier families learn how to interact with society in a way that drives achievement. Successful people have the power of persuasion and can convince others to see things from their point of view.
Success, then, depends on more than individual effort. Gladwell builds this argument by detailing the differences between Oppenheimer’s upbringing and Langan’s. Oppenheimer lived in an upper-class neighborhood with myriad advantages. He learned how to negotiate and stand up for himself. Langan’s family moved from place to place, struggling for jobs, money, food, and clothes, and Langan learned that he couldn’t rely on others. Gladwell's consideration of the Termites' success or struggles as adults supports his assertion that success is more than an individual effort; Gladwell states, “In the end, only one thing mattered: family background.” Terman’s findings and Gladwell’s conclusion do not mean that talented individuals from lower social and economic classes cannot have successful futures. To succeed, everyone needs help along the way, if not from family, then from a supportive community. Individuals do not achieve success solely on their own.
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diff --git a/assets/save_reading_outliers_4.md.28de7efa.lean.js b/assets/save_reading_outliers_4.md.534a7cbd.lean.js
similarity index 90%
rename from assets/save_reading_outliers_4.md.28de7efa.lean.js
rename to assets/save_reading_outliers_4.md.534a7cbd.lean.js
index 7c1b40b7..5f850cbc 100644
--- a/assets/save_reading_outliers_4.md.28de7efa.lean.js
+++ b/assets/save_reading_outliers_4.md.534a7cbd.lean.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-import{_ as e,c as t,o as a,R as o}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const f=JSON.parse('{"title":"Chapter 4: The Trouble with Geniuses, Part 2","description":"Chapter 4 summary of novel Outliers from Sparknotes","frontmatter":{"title":"Chapter 4: The Trouble with Geniuses, Part 2","description":"Chapter 4 summary of novel Outliers from Sparknotes"},"headers":[],"relativePath":"save/reading/outliers/4.md","filePath":"save/reading/outliers/4.md","lastUpdated":1684852285000}'),n={name:"save/reading/outliers/4.md"},i=o("",23),s=[i];function r(l,h,c,d,u,p){return a(),t("div",null,s)}const g=e(n,[["render",r]]);export{f as __pageData,g as default};
+import{_ as e,c as t,o as a,R as o}from"./chunks/framework.a1bac067.js";const f=JSON.parse('{"title":"Chapter 4: The Trouble with Geniuses, Part 2","description":"Chapter 4 summary of novel Outliers from Sparknotes","frontmatter":{"title":"Chapter 4: The Trouble with Geniuses, Part 2","description":"Chapter 4 summary of novel Outliers from Sparknotes"},"headers":[],"relativePath":"save/reading/outliers/4.md","filePath":"save/reading/outliers/4.md","lastUpdated":1684852435000}'),n={name:"save/reading/outliers/4.md"},i=o("",23),s=[i];function r(l,h,c,d,u,p){return a(),t("div",null,s)}const g=e(n,[["render",r]]);export{f as __pageData,g as default};
diff --git a/development/aws/README.html b/development/aws/README.html
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Toshiki's Note | Toshiki's Note
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+
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-
本書のハンズオンではコマンドラインから AWS CLI のコマンドを実行したり， Python で書かれたプログラムを実行する． コマンドは基本的に UNIX のターミナルを想定して書かれている． Linux や Mac のユーザーは OS に標準搭載されているターミナルを用いれば良い． Windows を利用している読者は， Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) を利用することで，仮想の Linux 環境を構築することを推奨する． Cygwin などの Linux 環境をエミュレートするほかのツールでも構わないが，本書のプログラムは WSL でのみ動作確認を行っている．
WSL とは， Windows の OS 上で Linux の仮想環境を起動するための， Microsoft 社が公式で提供しているソフトウェアである． Ubuntu など希望の Linux distribution が選択でき，基本的にすべての Linux 向けに作られたプログラム・ソフトウェアを使用することができる．
前提として，使用される OS は Windows 10 (Pro または Home エディション) でなければならない． さらに，使用している Windows 10 のバージョンが WSL に対応するバージョンであるかを確認する． X64 のシステムでは Version 1903, Build 18362 以上でなければならない． バージョンが対応していない場合は、 Windows のアップデートを行う．
まず最初に， Administrator 権限で PowerShell を起動する (figure_title)． 左下の Windows メニューの検索バーに powershell と入力すると， PowerShell のプログラムが見つかるはずである， これを右クリックし、 Run as administrator を選択し起動する．
$ docker run --gpus all mymnist --lr 0.1 --momentum 0.5 --epochs 10
このコマンドでは，--gpus all というパラメータが加わった．
CPU/GPU どちらで実行した場合でも，エポックを重ねるにつれて訓練データ (Train データ) の Loss は単調に減少していくのが見て取れるだろう． 一方，検証データ (Validation データ) の Loss および Accuracy は，ある程度まで減少した後，それ以上性能が向上しないことに気がつくだろう． これを実際にプロットしてみると figure_title のようになるはずである．
これはオーバーフィッティングとよばれる現象で，ニューラルネットが訓練データに過度に最適化され，訓練データの外のデータに対しての精度 (汎化性能) が向上していないことを示している． このような場合の対処法として， Early stopping とよばれるテクニックが知られている． Early stopping とは，検証データの Loss を追跡し，それが減少から増加に転じるエポックで学習をうち止め，そのエポックでのウェイトパラメータを採用する，というものである． 本ハンズオンでも， Early stopping によって訓練の終了を判断し，モデルの性能評価を行っていく．
Avaialibity Zone (AZ) とは，リージョン内で地理的に隔離されたデータセンターのことである． それぞれのリージョンは 2 個以上の AZ を有しており，もし一つの AZ で火災や停電などが起きた場合でも，ほかの AZ がその障害をカバーすることができる． また， AZ 間は高速な AWS 専用ネットワーク回線で結ばれているため， AZ 間のデータ転送は極めて早い． AZ は，ビジネスなどでサーバーダウンが許容されない場合などに注意すべき概念であり，個人的な用途で使う限りにおいてはあまり深く考慮する必要はない．言葉の意味だけ知っておけば十分である．
API (Application Programming Interface) を使うことで，コマンドを AWS に送信し，クラウドのリソースの操作をすることができる． API とは，端的に言えば AWS が公開しているコマンドの一覧であり，GET, POST, DELETE などの REST API から構成されている (REST API については ??? で簡単に解説する)． が，直接 REST API を入力するのは面倒であるので，その手間を解消するための様々なツールが提供されている．
例えば， AWS CLI は， UNIX コンソールから AWS API を実行するための CLI (Command Line Interface) である． CLI に加えて，いろいろなプログラミング言語での SDK (Software Development Kit) が提供されている．以下に一例を挙げる．
Toshiki's Note
EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) 様々なスペックの仮想マシンを作成し，計算を実行することができる． クラウドの最も基本となる構成要素である． ???, ???, ??? で詳しく触れる．
VPC(Virtual Private Cloud) AWS 上に仮想ネットワーク環境を作成し，仮想サーバー間の接続を定義したり，外部からのアクセスなどを管理する． EC2 は VPC の内部に配置されなければならない．
EBS (Elastic Block Store) EC2 に付与することのできる仮想データドライブ． いわゆる"普通の"(一般的な OS で使われている)ファイルシステムを思い浮かべてくれたらよい．
S3 (Simple Storage Service) Object Storage とよばれる，API を使ってデータの読み書きを行う，いうなれば”クラウド・ネイティブ”なデータの格納システムである． サーバーレスアーキテクチャの章 (Serverless architecture) で詳しく解説する．
DynamoDB NoSQL 型のデータベースサービス (知っている人は 
EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) 様々なスペックの仮想マシンを作成し，計算を実行することができる． クラウドの最も基本となる構成要素である． ???, ???, ??? で詳しく触れる．
Lambda Function as a Service (FaaS) とよばれる，小さな計算をサーバーなしで実行するためのサービス． サーバーレスアーキテクチャの章 (???) で詳しく解説する．
EBS (Elastic Block Store) EC2 に付与することのできる仮想データドライブ． いわゆる"普通の"(一般的な OS で使われている)ファイルシステムを思い浮かべてくれたらよい．
S3 (Simple Storage Service) Object Storage とよばれる，API を使ってデータの読み書きを行う，いうなれば”クラウド・ネイティブ”なデータの格納システムである． サーバーレスアーキテクチャの章 (???) で詳しく解説する．
DynamoDB NoSQL 型のデータベースサービス (知っている人は 
VPC(Virtual Private Cloud) AWS 上に仮想ネットワーク環境を作成し，仮想サーバー間の接続を定義したり，外部からのアクセスなどを管理する． EC2 は VPC の内部に配置されなければならない．
API のエンドポイントとバックエンドのサービス (Lambda など) を接続する際に用いる，リバースプロキシとしての役割を担う． ??? で詳しく解説する．
